nervous

DL-Tyrosine is a natural product.

Kainic acid is a potent excitotoxic agent and an agonist of ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the central nervous system, capable of inducing seizure animal models.

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), an active component isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, suppresses the activation of ERK1 2 and JNK, and downregulates matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Astragaloside IV is a bioactive saponin first isolated from the dried plant roots of the genus Astragalus, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine.1 It dose-dependently inhibits human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) in A549 cells (IC50 = 23 μM; LC50 = 865 μM).It inhibits replication of HAdV-3 and decreases HAdV-3-induced apoptosis. It has diverse protective effects for the cardiovascular, immune, digestive, and nervous systems. In particular, it reduces myocardial infarct size in dogs when administered prior to coronary ligation and reduces reperfusion arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts.

Angiotensin II is a major biologically active vasoconstrictor peptide that regulates blood pressure by binding to AT1R and AT2R receptors. It stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, promotes aldosterone synthesis, and enhances renal function. Additionally, it induces vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and increases collagen synthesis, leading to vascular and myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. It also promotes apoptosis and endothelial capillary formation. Angiotensin II is commonly used to induce hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy animal models.

Cafedrine (Cafedrin) is found in tea and coffee and has a central nervous system stimulant effect.Cafedrine is often used in a 20:1 combination with a fixed dose of cortisone in the study of acute hypotension.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

L-DOPA (Levodopa) is an orally active metabolic precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It can cross the blood-brain barrier and be converted into dopamine in the brain. L-DOPA exhibits anti-hyperalgesic effects and holds potential in Parkinson’s disease research, and it can also be used to induce Parkinson’s disease models.

Histamine is an organic nitrogen-containing amine produced by the enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It participates in local immune responses, regulates gastrointestinal physiological functions, and acts as a central nervous system neurotransmitter. Histamine is a potent stimulator of gastric acid secretion, a bronchial smooth muscle constrictor, and a vasodilator, and is commonly used to induce gastric ulcer animal models.

Oleamide (Oleic acid amide) is an endogenous fatty acid amide and can be used in the synthesis of de novo in the mammalian nervous system.

L-Threonine (threonine) is an essential amino acid in humans,an important amino acid for the nervous system,L-Threonine also plays an important role in porphyrin and fat metabolism and prevents fat buildup in the liver. Useful with intestinal disorders and indigestion, threonine has also been used to alleviate anxiety and mild depression.

Tyramine (Uteramine) is an indirect sympathomimetic that occurs naturally in cheese and other foods. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and MONOAMINE OXIDASE to prolong the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals and may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems.

Pyruvic acid (Acetylformic acid) is an intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures.

2-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid is a structural analog of GHB, a naturally occurring substance found in the central nervous system, and a nootropic.

Acetylcholine iodide (Acetylcolina) is a neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

Isoborneol (DL-Isoborneol) is a monoterpene alcohol, with neuroprotective and antiviral activities

(-)-Perillaldehyde shows antibacterial activity.

(-)-Agelastatin A is a member of the pyrrole-aminoimidazole marine alkaloid (PAI) family, capable of inhibiting β-catenin, GSK-3β, and osteopontin (OPN), exhibiting antiproliferative activity against various cancers such as leukaemia and breast cancer, and possessing a certain ability to penetrate the central nervous system (CNS).

Coniine hydrochloride, a polyketide-derived alkaloid, is poisonous to humans and animals. It is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, which leads to inhibition of the nervous system.

Reserpinine, a natural product, is a kind of indole alkaloid, which can reduce blood pressure and slow down heart rate. Its effect is slow, mild and long-lasting, and it has a long-lasting calming effect on the central nervous system.

Pi-Methylimidazoleacetic acid, considered a potential neurotoxin, targets the nervous system and may pose significant health risks when absorbed or metabolized within biological systems.

In the central nervous system, 2-Arachidonoylglycerol is a second endogenous cannabinoid ligand

Anandamide ((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenamide), an immune modulator, acts via not only cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) but also other targets (e.g., GPR18 GPR55) in the central nervous system.

Estetrol(Donesta) is an orally available, selective modulator of the estrogen receptor, a naturally occurring estrogen synthesized by the human fetal liver during pregnancy.Estetrol has effects on the endometrium or central nervous system, but is antagonistic to the breast.Estetrol may help to reduce thrombosis at low concentrations. Estetrol may be used to relieve menopausal symptoms.

Octopamine, an alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine biosynthesized from tyramine, is used to treat hypotension and may act as a cardiotonic. It may be found in the platelets, CNS, and invertebrate nervous systems.