misfolded

NT219 is a dual inhibitor of insulin receptor substrate 1 2 (IRS1 2) and STAT3, enhances the aggregation of misfolded prion protein NT219 affects the levels of certain molecular chaperones and inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation NT219 is useful for the study of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

Lanosterol (3β-Hydroxy-8,24-lanostadiene) is a tetracyclic triterpenoid which is the compound from which all steroids are derived.

PrPSc-IN-1 is a fluorescent probe that binds to the misfolded protein PrPSc, inhibits its accumulation with an IC50 of 1.6 μM, and exhibits anti-prion activity.

BAY 1892005 is a p53 protein modulator that targets the p53 condenser for the study of diseases associated with misfolded p53 protein

The metallo-protein Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a ubiquitous enzyme responsible for scavenging superoxide radicals. Mutations in SOD1, which alter its metal binding capacity and can result in protein misfolding and aggregation, have been linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Cu-ATSM is an orally bioavailable, blood-brain barrier permeable complex that has traditionally been used in cellular imaging experiments to selectively label hypoxic tissue via its susceptibility to reduction by oxygen-depleted mitochondria. More recently, Cu-ATSM has been reported to improve locomotor function and survival in a transgenic ALS mouse model by delivering copper specifically to cells in the spinal cords of mice producing misfolded SOD1 proteins. Copper chaperone for SOD (CCS) is presumed to utilize the copper from Cu-ATSM to prevent misfolding of the SOD1 protein.

Simufilamum (also known as PTI-125) is an oral small-molecule compound candidate that targets altered conformations of filamin A. It binds and reverts the misfolded filamin A in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients, thereby slowing the disease's pathological progression. Additionally, PTI-125 reduces tau protein hyperphosphorylation, decreases Aβ42 aggregation and deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. The compound demonstrates concentration-dependent efficacy in vitro, starting at 1 picomolar (pM), in both control groups and post-mortem hippocampal slices from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. PTI-125 is the first therapeutic candidate to preferentially bind and reverse pathogenic protein conformations.

PBA-1105 TFA is an autophagy-targeting chimera (AUTOTAC) that induces p62 self-oligomerization. This compound selectively binds to the exposed hydrophobic regions of misfolded proteins, promoting their degradation through the autophagy (autophagy) pathway. Additionally, PBA-1105 TFA enhances the autophagic flux of Ub-bound aggregates.

Arimoclomol citrate (BRX-220 citrate) is a heat shock protein (HSP) co-inducer that enhances Hsp expression, impacts protein aggregation, clears misfolded assemblies, and interacts with the proteasome-ubiquitin system. This compound is known for its ability to protect motor neurons.

TMU 35435 is an inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDAC). It enhances radiosensitivity by inducing the accumulation of misfolded proteins and autophagy (autophagy) in TNBC, and inhibits the NHEJ pathway through ubiquitination of the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs).

16F16 is a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) inhibitor.1It inhibits PDI reductase activity in an enzyme assay when used at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 μg/ml.116F16 reduces PC12 cell apoptosis induced by the misfolded huntingtin protein HTTQ103. It suppresses PDI-dependent mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) in isolated PC12 cell mitochondria. 16F16 (2, 3, 4, and 10 μM) reduces HTTN90Q73mutant huntingtin-induced medium spinal neuron death and MOMP in rat corticostriatal slices. It also reduces pyramidal neuron death induced by amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) in rat corticostriatal slices. 1.Hoffstrom, B.G., Kaplan, A., Letso, R., et al.Inhibitors of protein disulfide isomerase suppress apoptosis induced by misfolded proteinsNat. Chem. Biol.6(12)900-906(2010)

VCP p97 inhibitor-1, a highly effective compound, inhibits VCP p97 (also known as Cdc48, CDC-48, or Ter94) with an IC 50 of 54.7 nM. This inhibitor induces a disruption in protein homeostasis and interferes with the degradation process of misfolded polypeptides by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS).

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, caused by accumulation of misfolded proteins and a disruption of calcium homeostasis, has been linked to several neuronal diseases including, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and prion diseases. A screen for protective activity against ER stress-dependent cell death identified termitomycamides, extracts from the fruiting bodies of T. titanicus, a notably large edible mushroom that is cultivated symbiotically in the nests of termites Termitomycamide B is a fatty acid isolated from T. titanicus that at a dose of 0.1 μg/ml protects against ER stress-dependent cell death in Neuro2a cells induced by tunicamycin.

4-Br-Bnlm, with an EC 50 of 0.96 µM, acts as a selective inhibitor of glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94). It effectively reduces both mutant and wild-type misfolded myocilin proteins in cells, thereby enhancing the clearance of toxic forms of myocilin and diminishing myocilin toxicity [1] [2].

Arimoclomol (BRX-220 free base), a co-inducer of heat shock proteins (HSP), is utilized in studies on the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Arimoclomol maleate (BRX-220) (BRX-220) is a heat shock protein (HSP) co-inducer.