glutamate transporter

Imidazole ketone erastin (IKE) is an ferroptosis inducer with inhibitory effects on system Xc-cystine glutamate transporter proteins. Imidazole ketone erastin has antitumor activity and induces glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation.

FA16 is a selective, metabolically stable ferroptosis inducer with an IC50 value of 1.26 μM.FA16 is a derivative of 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzimidazole.FA16 inhibits the cystine glutamate inverse transporter protein (system Xc-)-mediated exchange of intracellular glutamate for extracellular cystine.FA16 significantly inhibited tumor growth in a HepG2 xenograft tumor model. HepG2 xenograft tumor model significantly inhibited tumor growth.

Orphenadrine hydrochloride (Mephenamin) is a muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.

LDN-212320 (OSU-0212320) is a glutamate transporter EAAT2 activator. It also enhances EAAT2 levels by > 6 fold at concentrations < 5 μM after 24 h.

GPI-1046 is an immunophilin ligand without antibiotic action and attenuates ethanol intake in part through the upregulation of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) in PFC and NAc-core.

EAAT2 activator 1 (3-[(2-Chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)thio]-6-pyridin-2-ylpyridazine) is a thiopyridazine derivative that has been found to increase EAAT2 protein levels in astrocytes.

Evans blue (C.I. 23860) is an azo dye, inhibits L-glutamate uptake via the membrane-bound excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT).

MPDC acts as a competitive inhibitor against the Na+-dependent high-affinity glutamate transporter within forebrain synaptosomes.

5-Fluoro-L-tryptophan is a competitive inhibitor of the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT). It holds potential for research related to disorders involving neurotransmitter systems.

glial glutamate transporter EAAT1 and EAAT2 inhibitor

Erastin2 is a ferroptosis inducer and inhibitor of the system xc- cystine glutamate transporter.[1][2] It inhibits glutamate release in CCF-STTG1 cells (IC50 = 0.0035 µM) and induces cell death in HAP1 cells at 5 µM, an effect blocked by ferrostatin-1 or deferoxamine.[1][2] Erastin2 also induces ferroptotic cell death in HT-1080 cells (EC50 = 0.15 µM), an effect blocked by β-mercaptoethanol (EC50 > 20 µM).[3] Additionally, it increases lipid peroxidation in HT-1080 cells at 1 µM.

DL-TBOA ammonium is a potent, non-transportable inhibitor of excitatory amino acid transporters. Its inhibitory effects are demonstrated by IC50 values of 70 μM, 6 μM, and 6 μM for excitatory amino acid transporter-1 (EAAT1), EAAT2, and EAAT3, respectively. Additionally, DL-TBOA ammonium significantly hampers the uptake of [14C]glutamate in COS-1 cell lines expressing human EAAT1 and EAAT2, evident by Ki values of 42 μM and 5.7 μM, respectively. Furthermore, this compound competitively blocks EAAT4 and EAAT5, with Ki values of 4.4 μM and 3.2 μM, respectively.