ferritin

Ferric maltol (Iron(III) 2-methyl-4-oxo-4H-pyran-3-olate) is a ferric, non-salt-based oral iron formulation demonstrating improved tolerance in patients with previous intolerance to other iron formulations.

Ferritin is a protein of 450 kDa consisting of 24 subunits that is present in every cell type. Invertebrates, these subunits are both the light (L) and the heavy (H) type with an apparent molecular weight of 19 kDA or 21 kDA respectively. The ferritin fou

Ammonium iron(III) citrate (Ferric ammonium citrate) is a physiological form of non-ferritin-bound iron that causes intracellular iron overload leading to cellular ferroptosis and enhances protein production.

Aminoacetone hydrochloride (1-Aminoacetone Hydrochloride) is an oxidant for ferritin and isolated mitochondria, inducing the loss of ferritin iron ring enzyme and iron uptake activity.

Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is a tetrapyrrole that is a metabolic precursor of heme, cytochrome c, and chlorophyll. Protoporphyrin IX has been shown to improve liver function, promote cellular tissue respiration, improve protein and glucose metabolism, and resist complement binding.

NA-Ir is a ferroptosis (Ferroptosis) inducer that targets mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and activates the cGAS-STING pathway to stimulate ferritin autophagy (). It also induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through photodynamic therapy (PDT), depletes glutathione (GSH), and downregulates glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), thereby triggering lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. NA-Ir exhibits enhanced anticancer activity under light exposure and selectively inhibits cancer cells with high H2S content.

Ap44mSe is a potent and selective antitumor agent. Ap44mSe effectively depletes cellular Fe, resulting in transferrin receptor-1 up-regulation, ferritin down-regulation, and increased expression of the potent metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regula

Azelaoyl PAF is a potent PPARγ agonist that competitively binds thiazolidinediones with potency comparable to rosiglitazone. In atherosclerosis studies, Azelaoyl PAF promotes the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by macrophages by upregulating CD36 expression. In fibroblasts from Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) patients, Azelaoyl PAF significantly increased mRNA and protein levels of ferritin.

MMRi62 (7-[(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-(pyridin-2-ylamino)methyl]quinolin-8-ol), a ferroptosis inducer targeting MDM2-MDM4 (negative regulators of tumor suppressor p53). MMRi62 shows a P53-independent pro-apoptotic activity against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells and induce autophagy. MMRi62 inducesferroptosis, resulting in a increase of reactive oxygen and lysosomal degradation of ferritin heavy chain (FTH1). MMRi62 also leads to proteasomal degradation of mutant p53, also inhibits orthotopic xenograft PDAC mouse model in vivo with high frequency mutation characteristics of KRAS and TP53.12.

PBT434 is a novel, brain-penetrant, small molecule inhibitor of α-synuclein aggregation. In transgenic animal models of Parkinson disease (A53T) and MSA (PLP-α-Syn), PBT434 reduced α-synuclein aggregation, preserved neurons and improved motor function. Glial cell inclusions were also reduced in a murine MSA model. PBT434 is thought to act by redistributing reactive iron across membranes, thereby blocking intracellular protein aggregation and oxidative stress. The affinity of PBT434 for iron is greater than that of α-synuclein but lower than that of iron trafficking proteins, e.g., ferritin.

YL-939 is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, targeting the PHB2 ferritin iron axis to impede this form of cell death.

CP94, an iron chelator, enhances protoporphyrin IX photobleaching and reduces the viability of A431 squamous epithelial carcinoma cells at a 150 µM concentration with photodynamic therapy (PDT) using protoporphyrin IX precursors such as aminolevulinic acid (ALA), methyl aminolevulinate (MAL), or hexylaminolevulinate (HAL). Additionally, CP94 (2 mg ml in drinking water) lowers hepatic non-heme and ferritin-bound iron levels while increasing hepatic protoporphyrin levels in mice. It also counteracts ferrocene-induced rises in rat brain iron levels at a dosage of 100 mg kg.

CP102, an iron chelator, effectively reduces total non-heme and ferritin-stored iron levels in the livers of mice when provided through drinking water at a concentration of 2 mg ml.

CN128, an orally bioavailable iron chelator, features a side chain hydroxy group serving as an alternate sacrificial glucuronidation site to mitigate metabolic inactivation at the 3-hydroxy group. When administered at doses of 150 and 450 µmol/kg, CN128 enhances iron mobilization by 24.8% in a 59Fe-ferritin-loaded rat model of iron overload.