exocytosis

Vacuolin-1 is a cell-permeable inhibitor of Ca2+ dependent fusion of lysosomes to the cell membrane. It acts by inhibiting release of lysosomal content.vacuolin‐1 is a potent and selective PIKfyve inhibitor and inhibits late‐stage autophagy by impairing lysosomal maturation

PFM03 is an endonuclease inhibitor that specifically blocks Mre11 and is also able to reduce MRN endonuclease activity by 98%, blocking hMRN-mediated endonucleotomy and nuclear exocytosis processes on the protein-binding end of the 5 ' and 3 ' chains.

(Z)-Nexinhib20 is an isomei of Nexinhib20. Nexinhib20 is an inhibitor targeting Rab27a-JFC1 interactions (IC50: 2.6 μM) and Rac-1-GTP. It suppresses neutrophil exocytosis, adhesion, and β2 integrin activation, while exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties. Nexinhib20 is applicable in research on systemic inflammation and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

fMIFL is an FPR1 agonist that activates several transduction pathways responsible for various neutrophil functions, such as adhesion, chemotaxis, granule secretion through exocytosis, and the production of superoxide anions. It is used in the research of bacterial infections and tissue damage.

UA2239 is an antimalarial agent that falls under the category of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates. It disrupts essential cGMP-dependent exocytosis pathways by reducing cGMP levels and specifically targets guanylyl cyclase α (guanylyl cyclase α). UA2239 exhibits a rapid and irreversible inhibitory effect on Plasmodium parasites.

FFN200 is a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) substrate that selectively traces monoamine exocytosis in both neuronal cell culture and brain tissue.

Endosidin5 is a novel exocytosis inhibitor.

ω-Agatoxin IVA TFA is a potent selective inhibitor of P/Q type Ca2+ (Cav2.1) channels, with IC50 values of 2 nM for P-type and 90 nM for Q-type channels. It effectively inhibits glutamate exocytosis and calcium influx induced by high potassium, with IC50 values ranging from 30 to 225 nM. Additionally, it blocks high potassium-induced serotonin and norepinephrine release, without impacting L-type or N-type calcium channels [1][2].

TAT-NSF700scr comprises the complete TAT domain and a glycine linker, succeeded by the NSF amino acids arranged randomly. It serves as a control peptide, ineffective in inhibiting SNARE-mediated exocytosis [1] [2].

TAT-NSF222 Fusion Peptide is a bifunctional polypeptide comprising a TAT domain for cellular uptake via macropinocytosis and an NSF domain that inhibits N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF), serving as an exocytosis inhibitor [1].

α-Latrotoxin, a potent neurotoxin derived from black widow spider venom, induces synaptic vesicle exocytosis at presynaptic nerve terminals [1].

Cytochalasin F reversibly inhibits cytokinesis and possesses various biological activities including the inhibition of macrophage endocytosis and exocytosis.

Cytochalasin G exhibits reversible inhibition of cytokinesis and also inhibits macrophage phagocytosis and exocytosis, among other biological activities.

Cytochalasin L possesses reversible biological activities, including the inhibition of cytoplasmic division, as well as the suppression of both endocytosis and exocytosis in phagocytic macrophages.

Cytochalasin M exhibits various biological activities, including reversible inhibition of cytoplasmic division and the suppression of both endocytosis and exocytosis in macrophages.

This amino acids187 to 203 fragment is derived from the C-terminal helix of synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25). This peptide is able to rescue exocytosis from botulinum neurotoxin E (BoNT/E)-treated cells, albeit at higher concentrations

Antagonist of formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1). Reduces superoxide production induced by fMLF with an EC50 of 0.63 μM. Almost completely blocks fMLF-stimulated primary granule exocytosis.

ARF1 (2-17) inhibits both ARF-dependent (i.e., PLD) and ARF-independent pathways (i.e., PLC-β). This compound also suppresses GTP-γ-S-stimulated PLD activity, phospholipase C-β (PLC-β), and exocytosis.

C1sEnzyme is a subunit of the complement C1 complex, functioning as a serine protease to activate the complement system. It can cleave LRP5 and LRP6, thereby activating the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway. Additionally, C1sEnzyme promotes macrophage M2 polarization while inhibiting M1 polarization and enhances exocytosis, exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties.

Dioctanoyl PI(3,5)P2 sodium is a synthetic analog of PI(3,5)P2, which is a naturally occurring phosphatidylinositol. Phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) are intracellular amphiphilic molecules that play a role in various cellular processes such as growth, division, motility, differentiation, neuron exocytosis, and survival.