drinking

5-Bromocytidine is a nucleoside analog that is a priority disinfection byproduct of drinking water and may interfere with nucleic acid synthesis.

Halazone (Pantocid) is fine white powder with an odor of chlorine. It has been widely used to disinfect drinking water.

CVT-10216 is a Potent and selective, reversible inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) (IC50: 29 nM). CVT-10216 also has inhibitory effect of ALDH-1 (IC50: 1.3 μM). CVT-10216 can reduce excessive alcohol drinking in alcohol-preferring rats and exhibit anxiolytic effects.

RTI-122 is an effective GPR88 agonist with good metabolic stability (half-life of 5.8 hours in mice) and a cAMP EC50 of 11 nM. It can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and is utilized in research related to excessive drinking.

Amitifadine(DOV-21947, EB-1010) is an inhibitor of the so-called triple reuptake or serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI) and is an antidepressant drug candidate. Amitifadine reduces binge drinking and negative affect in an animal m

Cylindrospermopsin, a tricyclic uracil derivative, is a cyanobacterial toxin that was first discovered in an algal bloom contaminating a local drinking supply on Palm Island in Queensland, Australia after an outbreak of a mysterious disease. Cylindrospermopsin targets protein and glutathione synthesis in hepatocytes (IC50s = 1.3 and 2.4 µM, respectively), leading to cell death. [1] It has been shown to inhibit the activity of the uridine monophosphate synthase complex with a Ki value of 10 µM.[2] Cylindrospermopsin is genotoxic, inducing DNA damage as evidenced by double strand breaks and reducing cell viability in HepG2 cells at 0.1-0.5 µg ml.[3]

The cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena often contaminates the drinking water of rural communities in developing countries and accumulates in mussels, flounder, and cod from the northern Baltic Sea. Nodularin is a hepatotoxic monocylic pentapeptide produced by the N. spumigena. It is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase types 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A), exhibiting IC50 values of 1.8 and 0.026 nM, respectively. PP2B is inhibited to a lesser extent with an IC50 of 1.8 μM. No apparent inhibitory effect is observed with PP2C, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, protein kinase A, phosphorylase kinase, or protein kinase C.

T-5342126 is a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist that reduces LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells (IC50 = 27.8 μM) and decreases LPS-induced IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6 production in isolated human whole blood (IC50s = 110.5, 315.6, and 318.4 μM, respectively). T-5342126 (82 mg kg) also reduces ethanol intake and the abundance of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), a marker of microglial activation, in the central nucleus of the amygdala in ethanol-dependent mice.

N-Nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid (NMBA) is a tobacco-specific nitrosamine carcinogen.1It is oxidized to the reactive metabolite methyl-2-oxopropylnitrosamine (MOPN) in isolated rat liver mitochondria.2NMBA induces bladder transitional cell carcinomas in rats when administered in the drinking water at a concentration of 300 mg/L per day.3

Betamethasone 21-phosphate is a synthetic glucocorticoid.1It prevents increases in macrophage and eosinophil numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and decreases in blood leukocyte numbers in a guinea pig model of parainfluenza-3 viral infection when administered at a dose of 8 mg/kg but does not prevent airway hyperresponsiveness after infection.2Betamethasone 21-phosphate inhibits cell infiltration into the aqueous humor in a rat model of endotoxin-induced uveitis when administered topically or subcutaneously at doses of 0.01-1% or 1 mg/kg, respectively.3It increases maximal lung pressure volume curves in fetal sheep when administered to pregnant ewes at 0.75 gestation at doses of 80 and 170 μg/kg.1Betamethasone 21-phosphate increases body weight, impairs learning and memory, increases anxiolytic behavior, and reduces hippocampal neurogenesis in CD-1 mice but reduces body weight and increases neurogenesis with no effect on anxiety in high-anxiety DBA/2 mice when administered at a dose of approximately 25 mg/kg per day in the drinking water for seven weeks.4Formulations containing betamethasone 12-phosphate and betamethasone acetate have been used in the treatment of severe allergic conditions and a variety of immune-related conditions. 1.Loehle, M., Schwab, M., Kadner, S., et al.Dose-response effects of betamethasone on maturation of the fetal sheep lungAm. J. Obstet. Gynecol.202(2)186.e181-186.e187(2010) 2.Leusink-Muis, A., Ten Broeke, R., Folkerts, G., et al.Betamethasone prevents virus-induced airway inflammation but not airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigsClin. Exp. Allergy29(Suppl. 2)82-85(1999) 3.Tsuji, F., Sawa, K., Kato, M., et al.The effects of betamethasone derivatives on endotoxin-induced uveitis in ratExp. Eye Res.64(1)31-36(1997) 4.Aiello, R., Crupi, R., Leo, A., et al.Long-term betamethasone 21-phosphate disodium treatment has distinct effects in CD1 and DBA/2 mice on animal behavior accompanied by opposite effects on neurogenesisBehav. Brain Res.278155-166(2015)

Dibromochloronitromethane is a member of the class of Halonitromethanes, which has been recently identified as a group of disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in drinking water.

Bromochloronitromethane is a member of Halonitromethanes, a newly discovered group of disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in drinking water.

1-Bromo-1,1-dichloroacetone, classified as a chlorine dioxide disinfection byproduct (DBP), is present in drinking water.

(Z)-2-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butenedioic acid is a brominated haloacid and a disinfection byproduct (DBP) found in treated drinking water.

Dibromoacetaldehyde, a halogenated byproduct found in drinking water, exhibits genotoxicity.

Bromodichloroacetaldehyde belongs to the class of Haloacetaldehydes, which are classified as disinfection byproducts (DBPs) found in drinking water.

Tribromonitromethane is a member of the class of Halonitromethanes, a newly identified group of disinfection by-products (DBPs) found in drinking water.

Diiodoacetamide, an iodo-haloacetamide compound, emerges as a disinfection by-product (DBP) within drinking water.

2,2-Dibromoacetamide is a class of disinfection by-product (DBP) found in drinking water.

(E)-2,3-Dibromo-2-butenedioic acid, a brominated haloacid, is a disinfection byproduct (DBP) found in drinking water.

Dibromochloroacetaldehyde, a trihalogenated acetaldehyde compound, is present as a byproduct in drinking water. It exhibits genotoxic properties.

Bromoiodoacetic acid is a disinfection byproduct (DBP) found in finished drinking waters, belonging to the iodinated haloacids.

Dibromochloroacetamide, belonging to the haloacetamides class, is a disinfection byproduct (DBP) commonly found in drinking water.

CPT-157633 is a difluoro-phosphonomethyl phenylalanine derivative that acts as a potent inhibitor of the enzyme PTP1B. It effectively prevents the development of glucose intolerance induced by binge drinking.