carcinogenic

Erastin is an iron death activator that acts on the mitochondrial VDAC in a ROS- and iron-dependent manner. Erastin has anti-tumor activity and acts selectively on tumor cells with RAS-carcinogenic mutations.

Cytembena is a cytostatic and a carcinogenic compound that may increase the incidence of fibroadenomas.Cytembena broadly inhibits DNA biosynthesis.

Indecainide (Ricainid) is a novel antiarrhythmic compound that is carcinogenic and can be used to study chronic stable ventricular arrhythmias secondary to coronary artery disease or cardiomyopathy.

MTOB (α-keto-γ-Methylthiobutyric acid) is a substrate for c-terminal binding protein (CtBP) that interferes with the carcinogenic activity of CtBP in cell culture and mice. It also actively regulates TCF-4 signaling, leading to cancer stem cell (CSC) growth and self-renewal.

Cyclamic acid (NSC-220327) is an artificial sweetening agent, usually employed as Na or Ca salt (cyclamate). Use suspended in some countries, including USA, because of possible weak carcinogenic activity (disputed).

Propoxur (Propoxure) is an insecticide used to control cockroaches, flies, mosquitoes, and lawn and turf insects. Acute (short-term) exposure of humans to propoxur by ingestion leads to cholinesterase inhibition of red blood cells, with mild cholinergic symptoms including blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and tachycardia; however, the effects are transient. Chronic (long-term) inhalation exposure has resulted in depressed cholinesterase levels, headaches, vomiting, and nausea in humans. Chronic ingestion studies in animals have reported depressed cholinesterase levels, depressed body weight, effects to the liver and bladder, and a slight increase in neuropathy. No information is available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of propoxur in humans. Mixed results are available from cancer studies of propoxur in animals. EPA has not classified propoxur for carcinogenicity.

Hesperidin (Cirantin) is a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruits with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and antihypertensive and lipid-lowering activity.

Nicosulfuron (Milagro) is a pesticide that works by inhibiting the acetolactate synthase enzyme. Nicosulfuron has not been found to induce mutagenic or carcinogenic effects. Nicosulfuron is a herbicide to protect corn crops from weeds.

Daidzin (Daidzoside) is an isoflavone isolated from soya bean with anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-atherosclerotic activities.

N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) is a carcinogenic dialkylnitrosamine commonly found in water, tobacco smoke, cheddar cheese, pickled foods, fried foods, and various alcoholic beverages; it is associated with alterations in nucleases involved in DNA repair and replication, targets organs such as the nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, esophagus, and liver to induce tumors in animals, and is most commonly used to induce liver cancer models.

1-Hydroxyanthraquinone is an anthraquinone that has been found in Morinda officinalis and has genotoxic and carcinogenic activities. 1-Hydroxyanthraquinone generates strong DNA repair response.

Dimethyl phthalate (Fermine) has many uses, including in solid rocket propellants, plastics, and insect repellants. Acute (short-term) exposure to dimethyl phthalate, via inhalation in humans and animals, results in irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. No information is available on the chronic (long-term), reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of dimethyl phthalate in humans. Animal studies have reported slight effects on growth and on the kidney from chronic oral exposure to the chemical. EPA has classified dimethyl phthalate as a Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

Dimetridazole is a nitroimidazole-based compound with antibacterial and anticoccidial activity. It was once widely used in the treatment of parasitic infections in poultry, cattle, swine and farmed fish until suspected to be carcinogenic and mutagenic to humans. Hydroxy dimetridazole is a metabolite of dimetridazole that may be useful for identifying this nitroimidazole in various agricultural samples through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and other methods.

1. Methyl eugenol (4-allylveratrole) is a natural constituent of the essential oils of a number of plants widely used in foodstuffs as flavouring agents, in view of the carcinogenic potential of ME, the need to check its presence in food products with effective analytical methods. 2. Methyleugenol has insecticidal properties. 3. Methyleugenol can inhibit the production of nitric oxide and decreased the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, it down-regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ischemic brain as well as in immunostimulated mixed glial cells; indicates that methyleugenol could be useful for the treatment of ischemia inflammation-related diseases. 4. Methyleugenol has cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. 5. Intravenous (i.v.) treatment with methyleugenol (ME) in either anesthetized or conscious rats elicits hypotension, an effect that seems related to an active vascular relaxation rather than withdrawal of sympathetic tone. 6. Methyleugenol has antinociceptive effect on the second phase of formalin-induced pain, may be due to the inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor-mediated hyperalgesia via GABA(A) receptors. 7. Methyleugenol has elaxant and antispasmodic actions on guinea-pig isolated ileum.

Auraptene is a coumarin derived from citrus plants that bears a geranyloxyl moiety at its C-7. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-bacterial, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. It inhibits leukocyte activation and induces phas

N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU MNU NMH) is a nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties; as a direct-acting alkylating agent, it interacts with DNA and targets multiple animal organs to induce various cancers and degenerative diseases, and is commonly used to induce disease models such as gastric cancer and breast cancer in mice.

Ethylmalonic acid is potentially toxic, non-carcinogenic, and has been associated with anorexia nervosa and methoxy decarboxylase deficiency.

AGI-026 (AGI-12026) is a novel and potent dual inhibitor of the mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase mIDH1 2 with the advantages of oral administration and penetration of the blood-brain barrier, with a drug concentration to plasma concentration ratio (brain plasma ratio) of 1.5 in brain tissue, and the ability to reduce the accumulation of the carcinogenic metabolite d-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which is used in the study of mIDH gliomas.

Pirinixic Acid (NSC 310038) is a synthetic thiacetic acid derivative used in biomedical research, carcinogenic Pirinixic acid is a peroxisome proliferator that activates specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR).

7-Methyladenine (NSC-7857) can be used as a marker of exposure to exogenous and carcinogenic methylating agents.

Aflatoxin (Aflatoxin R0) is a mutagenic and carcinogenic mycotoxin that is derived from aflatoxin B1 through metabolic processes facilitated by Rhizopus spp.

Musk tibetine reveals no genotoxicity in the micronucleus test with human lymphocytes and human hepatoma cell lines. Musk tibetene is a nitro musk compound with carcinogenic activity.

TFMB-(R)-2-HG is a cell membrane-permeable (R)-2-HG, an oncogenic factor in acute myeloid leukemia. It impairs SCF ER-Hoxb8 cell differentiation in response to estrogen withdrawal.

2-Amino-5-phenylpyridine is a heterocyclic aromatic amine formed by pyrolysis of phenylalanine in proteins, found in broiled sardines, and is considered potentially carcinogenic.