calciumchannel

Ionomycin is an calcium ionophore and an antibiotic that binds calcium ions (Ca2+). It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces conglobatus.It is used in research to raise the intracellular calcium level (Ca2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca2+ transport across biological membranes. Ionomycin promotes apoptosis and induces the activation of protein kinase C (PKC).

Thapsigargin is a natural product, an inhibitor of sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and an endoplasmic reticulum stress inducer. Thapsigargin increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration by blocking the ability of cells to pump calcium into the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum.

Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) is an effective and selective calcium ionophore, demonstrating high specificity for divalent cations (Ca>Mg>Sr=Ba).

D-Menthol ((+)-MENTHOL) is a common compound in pharmaceutical and commercial products and a popular additive to cigarettes, it attenuates α±7 mediated Ca 2+ transients in the cell body and neurite, suggests that menthol inhibits α±7-nACh receptors in a noncompetitive manner.

L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a natural product that is a potent reducing agent and antioxidant. L-Ascorbic acid functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen. L-Ascorbic acid is used in the treatment of scurvy.

Urolithin C is a gut metabolite of ellagic acid. Urolithin C induces apoptosis in PC12 cells through a mitochondria-mediated pathway.

Ginsenoside Rd (Gypenoside VIII) may have properties that inhibit or prevent the growth of tumors.

Dronedarone (SR 33589) is an amiodarone analogue which has an effective and promising treatment for Atrial fibrillation.

Cytochalasin D is an actin inhibitor, the removal of actin stress fibers is crucial for the chondrogenic differentiation. It may be an inhibitor of some fertilization processes such as sperm penetration or sperm head decondensation. Cytochalasin D inhibit

Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is a neurotoxic secondary metabolite (SM) made by A. flavus. Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is an endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (Ca2+ATPase; SERCA)nanomolar inhibitor and a potent inducer of cell death in plants.

Jamaicin (AnCoA4), an isoflavone derived from the chickweed plant, is an inhibitor of the STIM1-Orai1 channel that blocks calcium influx, reduces its interaction with STIM1, and inhibits T-cell activation.

1. Rhynchophylline (Mitrinermine) can protect against ischemic damage, probably via regulating the Akt mTOR pathway. 2. Rhynchophylline can protect against glutamate-induced neuronal death, can inhibit MA impairment in cultured neurons in vitro. 3. Rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline have a non-competitive antagonistic effect on the NMDA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors, suggest that these alkaloids exert their protective action against ischemia-induced neuronal damage by preventing NMDA, muscarinic M1, and 5-HT2 receptors-mediated neurotoxicity during ischemia.

Strophanthidin (Strophanthidine) can induce calcium overload in vivo.

Taurodeoxycholic acid (Taurodeoxychloic acid) is a bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid, a human metabolite that stabilizes mitochondrial membranes and reduces the formation of free radicals.Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking calcium-mediated apoptotic pathways and by activation of caspase-12. Taurodeoxycholic acid has neuroprotective activity and has been used to study 3-nitropropionic acid-induced or stabilized hereditary Huntington's chorea (HD).

Drotaverine hydrochloride is a type 4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitor,and is an antispasmodic drug, used to enhance cervical dilation during childbirth. Drotaverine hydrochloride is structurally related to papaverine

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is an effective calcium mobilization second messenger synthesized from NAD+ by ADP-ribosyl cyclase. It mainly increases cytosolic calcium through Ryanodine receptor-mediated endoplasmic reticulum release and extracellular influx via the opening of TRPM2 channels.

1-Octanol, a saturated fatty alcohol, functions as an inhibitor of T-type calcium channels (T-channels), showing an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. Additionally, 1-Octanol is recognized for its potential as a biofuel, possessing diesel-like properties[2].

Tanshinone IIA sulfonate sodium (Tanshinone IIA sodium sulfonate) is a water-soluble derivative of tanshinone IIA extracted from Savia miltiorrhiza; a potent negative allosteric modulator of the human purinergic receptor P2X7. Tanshinone IIA sulfonate sodium (12.5 μM) inhibits hypoxia-induced PKG and PPAR-γ downregulation in PASMCs and distal pulmonary arteries of rats.

L-Phenylalanine (3-Phenyl-L-alanine) is an essential amino acid and the precursor of the amino acid tyrosine, acts as an antagonist at α2δ calcium channels.

1. Pulegone ((+)-Pulegone) has cytotoxicity followed by regenerative cell proliferation is the MOA for Pulegone-induced urothelial tumors in female rats. 2. Pulegone induces a verapamil-sensitive psychostimulant effect that appears to independ on the opening of L-type calcium channels. 3. Pulegone has negative reinforcing properties and seems to possess anxiolytic-like actions unrelated to the benzodiazepine site of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor.

Acetylcholine Chloride is the chloride salt form of acetylcholine, a synthetic, quaternary amino alcohol with cholinergic properties. Acetylcholine chloride (Pilofrin) mimics the parasympathomimetic effect of the endogenous compound acetylcholine. Administered as an ophthalmic solution, this drug stimulates the cholinoceptors in the sphincter muscle of the iris, causing the pupil to constrict.

Addition of the Rhamnose (6-Deoxy-L-mannose)-rich polysaccharide, RROP-1, to normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) and human endothelial cells produced a dose-dependent stimulation of the calcium-signaling pathway, inducing fast and transient increases in Ca2 influx and intracellular free Ca2 level.

Astragaloside A (Astramembrannin I) is the primary pure saponin isolated from Astragalus membranaceus.

2,3-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone (2',3'-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenone) is a natural product,it improves cognitive function and may be helpful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.