calciumchannel

Ionomycin is a calcium ion carrier and an antibiotic that binds to calcium ions (Ca2+). The main function of Ionomycin is to induce cellular responses by increasing the intracellular calcium ion concentration. In experiments, Ionomycin is typically used to activate calcium-dependent processes, such as apoptosis and enzyme activity.

Thapsigargin is a natural product, an inhibitor of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and an endoplasmic reticulum stress inducer. Thapsigargin increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration by blocking the ability of cells to pump calcium into the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum.

Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) is an effective and selective calcium ionophore, demonstrating high specificity for divalent cations (Ca>Mg>Sr=Ba).

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is an effective calcium mobilization second messenger synthesized from NAD+ by ADP-ribosyl cyclase. It mainly increases cytosolic calcium through Ryanodine receptor-mediated endoplasmic reticulum release and extracellular influx via the opening of TRPM2 channels.

L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a natural product that is a potent reducing agent and antioxidant. L-Ascorbic acid functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen. L-Ascorbic acid is used in the treatment of scurvy.

1-Octanol, a saturated fatty alcohol, functions as an inhibitor of T-type calcium channels (T-channels), showing an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. Additionally, 1-Octanol is recognized for its potential as a biofuel, possessing diesel-like properties[2].

Catharanthine Tartrate is a natural product isolated from Madagascar periwinkle, Catharanthine Tartrate inhibits voltage-operated L-type Ca2+ channel, with anti-cancer and blood pressure-lowering activity

Tanshinone IIA sulfonate sodium (Tanshinone IIA sodium sulfonate) is a water-soluble derivative of tanshinone IIA extracted from Savia miltiorrhiza; a potent negative allosteric modulator of the human purinergic receptor P2X7. Tanshinone IIA sulfonate sodium (12.5 μM) inhibits hypoxia-induced PKG and PPAR-γ downregulation in PASMCs and distal pulmonary arteries of rats.

Tetrandrine (Sinomenine A) is a naturally occurring biphenylisoquinoline alkaloid, a calcium channel inhibitor. Tetrandrine inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels (ICa) and Ca2+-activated potassium channels.

Menthol (DL-Menthol) is an organic compound made synthetically or obtained from peppermint or mint oils with flavoring and local anesthetic properties.

Astragaloside A (Astramembrannin I) is the primary pure saponin isolated from Astragalus membranaceus.

L-Ascorbic acid sodium salt (Vitamin C sodium salt) is a more bioavailable form of vitamin C that is an alternative to taking ascorbic acid as a supplement.

D-Menthol ((+)-MENTHOL) is a common compound in pharmaceutical and commercial products and a popular additive to cigarettes, it attenuates α±7 mediated Ca 2+ transients in the cell body and neurite, suggests that menthol inhibits α±7-nACh receptors in a noncompetitive manner.

Ethyl cinnamate has antifungal, and vasorelaxant effects. Ethyl cinnamate can lead to the damage of cell membrane system and metabolic disorder through inducing lipid peroxidation via initiating ROS overproduction. Ethyl cinnamate can inhibit the tonic contractions induced by high K+ and phenylephrine (PE) in a concentration-dependent manner, with respective IC50 values of 0.30 mM and 0.38 mM.

2,3-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone (2',3'-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenone) is a natural product,it improves cognitive function and may be helpful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Bryonolic acid (20-epi-Bryonolic acid), a triterpenoid extracted from Sandoricum indicum, possesses immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer activities and protects PC12 cells from NMDA-induced apoptosis by inhibiting Ca2+ in-flux and modulating gene expression in the Ca2+-CaMKII-CREB signalling pathway.

Jamaicin (AnCoA4), an isoflavone derived from the chickweed plant, is an inhibitor of the STIM1-Orai1 channel that blocks calcium influx, reduces its interaction with STIM1, and inhibits T-cell activation.

Catharanthine ((+)-3,4-Didehydrocoronaridine) suppresses nicotinic receptor-mediated diaphragm contractions with an IC50 of 59.6 μM.

Daurinoline is a non-competitive antagonist, it exerts marked relaxation effect on basilar artery of rabbits through non-competitive antagonism, it would have a protective function on microcirculation of cerebral pia mater, which may be beneficial to relieve cerebral ischemic injury. Daurinoline could significantly reverse noradrenaline induced constriction of pial arterioles and venules, and increase the number of blood vessels which were decreased by noradrenaline.

Catharanthine tartrate (Catharanthine hemitartrate) is an alkaloid from periwinkle that inhibits voltage-gated L-type calcium channels and has antitumor and hypotensive activities.

Cytochalasin D is an actin inhibitor, the removal of actin stress fibers is crucial for the chondrogenic differentiation. It may be an inhibitor of some fertilization processes such as sperm penetration or sperm head decondensation. Cytochalasin D inhibit

Halofuginone specifically inhibits collagen type I gene expression and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) gene expression, which may result in the suppression of angiogenesis, tumor stromal cell development, and tumor cell growth. Halofuginone Hydrobromide is the hydrobromide salt of halofuginone, a semisynthetic quinazolinone alkaloid anticoccidial derived from the plant Dichroa febrifuga, with antifibrotic and potential antineoplastic activities. These effects appear to be due to halofuginone-mediated inhibition of the collagen type I and MMP-2 promoters. Collagen type I and MMP-2 play important roles in fibroproliferative diseases.

Gomisin J is a natural product and have vasodilatory activity. Gomisin J suppresses lipid accumulation by regulating the expression of lipogenic and lipolytic enzymes and inflammatory molecules through activation of AMPK, LKB1 and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and inhibition of fetuin-A in HepG2 cells.

Aralosides possess protective effect against experimental myocardial ischemia and infarction, the mechanism of myocardial protection may be attributed to the amelioration of FFA metabolic deterioration and membrane peroxidation induced by oxygen free radi