20,26-Dihydroxyecdysone

20,26-Dihydroxyecdysone is a predominant ecdysteroid metabolite [1].

Isopulegol has antioxidant, and neuroactive properties. It also has gastroprotective effects induced by isopulegol appear to be mediated, at least in part, by endogenous prostaglandins, K+ATP channel opening and antioxidant proprieties related to GSH incr

Cyanocobalamin is a cobalt-containing coordination compound generated by intestinal microbes and a natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with Intrinsic Factor for absorption by the intestine. Cyanocobalamin is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA, and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions.

D-Pantothenic acid hemicalcium salt (Calcium pantothenate), a kind of water soluble vitamin, can reduce the patulin content of the apple juice.

L-Leucine ((S)-Leucine) is one of nine essential amino acids in humans (provided by food), L-Leucine is important for protein synthesis and many metabolic functions. L-Leucine contributes to regulation of blood-sugar levels; growth and repair of muscle and bone tissue; growth hormone production; and wound healing. L-Leucine also prevents breakdown of muscle proteins after trauma or severe stress and may be beneficial for individuals with phenylketonuria. L-Leucine is available in many foods and deficiency is rare.

alpha-D-glucose (α-Dextrose) is a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

(±)-Naringenin (Naringenine) is a natural product. It displays vasorelaxant effect on endothelium-denuded vessels via the activation of BKCa channels in myocytes.

1. Isoquercetin (3-Glucosylquercetin) is a potential stimulator of bone mineralization used for prophylaxis of osteoporotic disorders. 2. Isoquercetin may be as a potential therapeutic agent against neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. 3. Isoquercetin is an inhibitor of Wnt β-catenin and may be as a potential novel anti-tumoral agent, such as against human pancreati,liver cancer related to opioid receptors and to the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway. .

1. Morusin (Mulberrochromene) possesses antitumor effects of cell lines including HT-29, A549, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231, through suppressing STAT3 and NFκB attenuation mediated apoptosis induction. 2. Morusin possesses anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

CAN508 is a potent ATP-competitive CDK9 cyclin T1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.35 μM. It also competitively inhibits Cdk2-cyclin E with respect to ATP, with Ki and IC50 values of 13.3 μM and 20 μM, respectively. CAN508 exhibits a 38-fold selectivity for CDK9 cyclin T over other CDK cyclin complexes. [Antitumor activity.]

3-Aminobenzene-1,2-diol (compound C8) is an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), with IC50 values of 20, 26, 16, and 16.3 μM against MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, and MMP-14, respectively.

MAGL-IN-20 (compound ±34) is a reversible inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). It exhibits significant antiproliferative activity against a range of cancer cell lines, including H460, HT29, CT-26, Huh7, and HCCLM-3.

Germacrene D, a natural essential oil, has antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity on tumor cells.

Ruvoside is digitaloid from Thevetia neriifolia Juss acts as a cardioactive glycoside.

Benastatin A is a polyketide synthase-derived benastatin that has been found inStreptomycesand has diverse biological activities.1,2,3It inhibits glutathione S-transferase (GST; Ki= 5 μM for the rat liver enzyme).2Benastatin A is active against several bacteria, including methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA; MIC = 3.12 μg ml). It induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G1 G0phase in Colon 26 mouse colon cancer cells when used at concentrations of 20 and 16 μM, respectively.3 1.Xu, Z., Schenk, A., and Hertweck, C.Molecular analysis of the benastatin biosynthetic pathway and genetic engineering of altered fatty acid-polyketide hybridsJ. Am. Chem. Soc.129(18)6022-6030(2007) 2.Aoyagi, T., Aoyama, T., Kojima, F., et al.Benastatins A and B, new inhibitors of glutathione S-transferase, produced by Streptomyces sp. MI384-DF12. I. Taxonomy, production, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activitiesJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)45(9)1385-1390(1992) 3.Kakizaki, I., Ookawa, K., Ishikawa, T., et al.Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in mouse colon 26 cells by benastatin AJpn. J. Cancer Res.91(11)1161-1168(2000)

Deacetylforskolin is a diterpene and a derivative of forskolin that has been found inC. forskohliiand has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4It activates rat adipocyte adenylyl cyclase (IC50= 20 μM) and inhibits glucose transport in rat adipocyte plasma membranes.2Deactylforskolin (30-1,000 μg/kg) reduces blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats.3It also attenuates hypercapnia-induced impairments in the passive avoidance response in mice.4 1.Gabetta, B., Zini, G., and Danieli, B.Minor Diterpenoids of Coleus forskohliiPhytochemistry28(3)859-862(1989) 2.Joost, H.G., Habberfield, A.D., Simpson, I.A., et al.Activation of adenylate cyclase and inhibition of glucose transport in rat adipocytes by forskolin analogues: structural determinants for distinct sites of actionMol. Pharmacol.33(4)449-453(1988) 3.Bhat, S.V., Dohadwalla, A.N., Bajwa, B.S., et al.The antihypertensive and positive inotropic diterpene forskolin: Effects of structural modifications on its activityJ. Med. Chem.26(4)486-492(1983) 4.McCulloch, A.J., Thomson, T.A., and Deacon, R.Hypoxic amnesia and its reversal with forskolinBiochem. Soc. Trans.17(1)212-213(1988)

Concanavalin A is a natural product, a phytoalexin (glycan-binding protein). Concanavalin A has antitumor activity and can also induce acute liver injury.

Tricosanoic acid (Tricosan-1-oic acid) , also known as N-tricosanoate or tricosylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as very long-chain fatty acids.Tricosanoic acid has been detected in multiple biofluids, such as blood and urine. Within the cell, Tricosanoic acid is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP), cytoplasm and adiposome. Tricosanoic acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, beta-D-galactosyl-N-(tricosanoyl)sphingosine, beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(11)-N-tricosanoylsphingosine, and N-(tricosanoyl)-[(4E,6E)-tetradecasphingadienine]-1-phosphoethanolamine. Outside of the human body, Tricosanoic acid can be found in citrus, date, and papaya. This makes Tricosanoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

PI-103 is a potent, cell-permeable, ATP-competitive inhibitor of PI3K family members (IC50s: 2 3 3 15 30 23 nM for p110α β δ γ, mTOR, and DNA-PK).

HDAC HSP90-IN-4 significantly inhibited HDAC and HSP90 activity, with compound 20 (HDACIC50= 194 nM; HSP90αIC50= 153 nM) and compound 26 ((HDACIC50= 360 nM; HSP90αIC50= 77 nM) having the strongest HDAC and HSP90α inhibition. effect. Both compounds induced HSP90 expression and down-regulated HSP90 client proteins, which play an important role in the regulation of cancer cell survival and invasion.

Piperazine (2HCl) is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists and its major effects appear to be on the central nervous system. Piperazine was the anthelmintic with the greatest number of reports of toxicoses and suspected toxicoses in cats. Piperazine neurotoxicity in cats and dogs usually was manifested by muscle tremors, ataxia, and or behavioral disturbances within 24 hours after estimated daily dose(s) between 20 and 110 mg kg[1]. For di-substituted derivatives, ciprofloxacin was selected and hybrids were synthesized via substitution at piperazinyl-N4. The reaction of piperazinyl-NH of ciprofloxacin with selected drugs resulted in pronounced growth inhibition of standard as well as resistant bacterial strains[2]. The parent piperazine 6 was found to exhibit a reasonable activity toward the HeLa and MDA MB 231 tumor cell lines (IC50= 9.2 and 8.4 μΜ, respectively)[3]. Piperazine adipate (10 mM) causes mortality of A. galli and H. gallinae after a maximum of 30 min exposure, inhibits malate oxidation by 78%, and inhibits aldolase activity in both parasites. Piperazine adipate (10 mM) also inhibits cholinesterase activity by 96% in Ascaridia galli (A. galli) and 93% in Heterakis gallinae (H. gallinae). Piperazine adipate inhibits oxaloacetate reduction by 26% and 55% in A. galli and H. gallinae, resepctively[4].

Immuno modulator-1 (compound 22) effectively suppresses the secretion of TNFα and IL-2 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC), with IC50 values of 4.7 nM and 26 nM, respectively, and exhibits a 20% inhibitory effect on the hERG potassium channel at a concentration of 3 μM [1].

20-Hydroxyganoderic acid A is a triterpene compound identified in Ganoderma lucidum. This compound may exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting its potential application in the research of inflammatory diseases.