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Retinyl acetate (Vitamin A acetate) is a group of unsaturated nutritional hydrocarbons, that contains retinal, retinol, retinoic acid, and several provitamins A carotenoids, among which beta-carotene is the most important.

β-Carotene (Provitamin A) is a naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA.

Aristolochic acid Va, a natural compound, is isolated from Aristolochia plants [1].

Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. of the single trichothecene family and is commonly found in contaminated food and feed.Deoxynivalenol crosses the intestinal mucosa via a cellular bypass at the tight junctions.Deoxynivalenol transporters are unaffected by inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (PgP) or multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP). Deoxynivalenol commonly causes diarrhea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal inflammation in humans and animals.

Valproic Acid (2-Propylpentanoic Acid) is an HDAC inhibitor that suppresses HDAC1 activity and induces HDAC2 degradation, exhibiting oral bioavailability. Valproic Acid activates Notch1 signalling and inhibits the proliferation of small cell lung carcinoma cells, making it applicable for research into epilepsy and bipolar disorder.

Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that exerts its antibacterial activity by inhibiting the second stage of cell wall synthesis in susceptible bacteria. It also alters cell membrane permeability and selectively inhibits RNA synthesis. Vancomycin is commonly used to treat severe infections resistant to other antibiotics and is frequently employed in experimental studies to induce kidney injury models.

Isovaleramide (3-Methylbutanamide) is an anticonvulsant molecule isolated from Valeriana pavonii, which can inhibit the liver alcohol dehydrogenases.

Flavanone (2-Phenylchroman-4-one)s from citrus fruits have also been shown to exert beneficial effects on human vascular function. In particular, chronic interventions with orange juice, or the pure flavanone hesperidin, resulted in a decrease in blood pressure in overweight volunteers and acute improvements in microvascular reactivity.

3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid (Beta-Hydroxyisovaleric acid) is an endogenous metabolite excreted in the urine and can serve as an early and sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency.

Vancomycin hydrochloride (Vancomycin HCl) is a glycopeptide antibiotic that targets Peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall synthesis. Vancomycin hydrochloride is mainly used for the treatment of severe Gram-positive bacterial infections.

DL-Norvaline (2-Aminopentanoic acid) is a non-competitive inhibitor of arginase.

Nonivamide (Nonanoic acid vanillylamide) is found in herbs and spices. Nonivamide is an alkaloid from Capsicum species Nonivamide is a flavoring ingredient. Nonivamide is an organic compound and a capsaicinoid. It is an amide of pelargonic acid and vanillylamine. It is present in chili peppers, but is commonly manufactured synthetically. It is more heat-stable than capsaicin.

DL-Mevalonolactone, a human endogenous metabolite, is the δ-lactone form of mevalonate, a precursor of the mevalonate pathway. It reduces mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm), Ca2+ retention and NAD(P)H levels in the brain, and also induces mitochondrial swelling.DL-Mevalonolactone induces inflammation and oxidative stress, and reduces mitochondrial membrane potential.

Valencene (NSC-148969) is a sesquiterpenoid isolated from Cyperus rotundus and is an aroma component of citrus fruits and citrus-derived odors.ValenceneValencene has anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-melanogenic, and antioxidant activities. Valencene inhibits the overexpression of Th2 chemokines and pro-inflammatory chemokines by blocking the NF-κB pathway.

3-Methylvaleric Acid is an edible grade flavor present in tobacco.3-Methylvaleric Acid enhances intracellular cAMP accumulation and CRE-luciferase activity in CHO-K1 cells and HEK293 cells.

Methyl vanillate is Hovenia Dulcis Thunb extract and its ingredient methyl vanillate activate Wnt β-catenin pathway and increase bone mass in growing or ovariectomized mice. Methyl vanillate is considered to be a slightly soluble (in water) acidic compound. Methyl vanillate can be synthesized from vanillic acid. Methyl vanillate has been identified in foods such as cow's milk and beer.

Vanillyl Alcohol (3-Methoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol) possesses anti-angiogenic, anticonvulsive, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-nociceptive activities. Vanillyl alcohol can effectively inhibit the cytotoxicity and improved cell viability in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced MN9D dopaminergic cells, it also can attenuate the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, decrease in the Bax Bcl-2 ratio and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis.

Ethyl Vanillate (Bourbonal) , a vanillin analog, is a flavoring agent that exhibits strong antioxidant activity.

Ethyl vanillin acetate, the ethyl acetate form of ethyl vanillin, is utilized as a flavoring agent in chocolate or confectionery.

Acetylvanillin is a derivative of Vanillin, the primary component found in vanilla bean extract.

Isovanillin (5-Formylguaiacol) is a reversible inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase. It is largely used as pharmaceutical intermediates and also applied in food and beverage industry, synthetic fragrances, chemical.

Acetylvaline (Ac-Val-OH) is used as an indicator of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and retinopathy.

Validamycin A is an antibiotic and fungicide that inhibits the alginate enzyme trehalase and thus protects crops from the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, as well as being a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase.

Vanillyl butyl ether (Butyl vanillyl ether) (VBE)is a capsaicin analogue,induce sensory irritation in humans,Vanillyl butyl ether is an alkoxy-substituted benzyl derivative mainly used as a flavoring agent.