superoxide

Kinetin (N6-Furfuryladenine), a type of cytokinin, has plant growth regulation effects.

1. Thonningianin A has anti-cancer activities.2. Thonningianin A represents a new potent glutathione S-transferase in vitro inhibitor.3. Thonningianin A has antioxidant property, involves radical scavenging, anti-superoxide formation and metal chelation.

Norbergenin is a chemical compound. It is the O-demethylated derivative of bergenin. It can be isolated from rhizomes of Bergenia stracheyi.

Aucuparin (2,6-dimethoxy-4-phenylphenol) is a plant antibiotic with anti-inflammatory activity. Aucuparin inhibited pulmonary fibrosis in mouse models induced by bleomycin (BLM). ABTS and FRAP showed clear scavenging activity. Aucuparin inhibited superoxide production of human neutrophils induced by fmlp, and its IC50 was 17.0μM.

Glucosamine (Chitosamine) is a natural product. Glucosamine is used as a dietary supplement. Glucosamine has pharmacological effects on cartilage and chondrocytes in osteoarthritis when used externally. Glucosamine regulates sugar metabolism. Glucosamine reduces the activity of glucoskinase in pancreatic islet homogenate.

Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate (myo-Inositol, hexakis(dihydrogen phosphate) dodecasodium salt hydrate) is a phosphorus storage compound of seeds and cereal grains. Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate inhibits the enzymatic superoxide source xanthine oxidase with an IC50 of 6 mM and has antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Dihydroxyfumaric acid is a known generator of superoxide anions and by hydroxyl free radicals. Dihydroxyfumarate exposure can cause insulin inhibitory effects. It can spontaneously convert to hydroxypyruvate or to oxaloglycolate.

TriacetonaMine (Vincubine) protects the activitis of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and creatine phos-phate kinase (CPK); it also inhibits CaCl2 induced agglomeration of thromocyte. Triacetonamine can improve the constructile function of heart mus-cles of acute anemia and decrease the content of malodialdehyde (MDA) in the heart muscles.

p-Benzoquinone is a superoxide scavenger. It is identified as a toxic metabolite in human blood.

ALPHA-PINENE ((-)-Alpha-Pinene) is a bicyclic monoterpene found in pine trees and other plants, including Cannabis with diverse biological activities [1]. It reduces the growth of a panel of seven Gram-positive bacteria, seven Gram-negative bacteria, and eight yeast strains with MIC values of 0.75-1.29, 1.05-1.59, and 0.7-1.17%, respectively [2]. It has insecticidal activity against C. molestus larvae with LC50 values ranging from 47 to 49 mg/L.3 ALPHA-PINENE (100 μg/ml) induces apoptosis, increases anion superoxide production and DNA fragmentation, and activates caspase-3 in B16/F10 melanoma cells [4]. In a B16/F10 mouse xenograft model, ALPHA-PINENE(100 ml of a 10 mg/ml solution) reduces the number of metastatic lung nodules by approximately 7-fold. ALPHA-PINENE(8.6 mg/L, aerosol) also increases the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze by approximately 2-fold in mice, indicating anxiolytic-like activity [5].

Ethyl hydrogen succinate is a succinate ester exhibiting inhibitory activity against superoxide dismutase in mouse erythrocytes, suitable for biochemical experiments and drug synthesis research.

Isopeonol (1-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)ethanone) is a useful life science reagent for biochemical experiments and organic synthesis.

6-Hydroxymelatonin is the main active metabolite and endogenous metabolite of Melatonin via CYP1A2, an agonist of MT2 receptor with antioxidant and neuroprotective effects, and effectively reduces KCN-induced lipid peroxidation and superoxide anion production.

Isorhamnetin (3-methylquercetin) is the methylated metabolite of quercetin. Quercetin is an important dietary flavonoid with in vitro antioxidant activity. Isorhamnetin prevents endothelial cell injuries from oxidized LDL via inhibition of lectin-like ox-LDL receptor-1 upregulation, interference of ox-LDL-mediated intracellular signaling pathway (p38MAPK activation, NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, eNOS expression) and the antioxidant activity of isorhamnetin. Isorhamnetin prevents endothelial dysfunction, superoxide production, and overexpression of p47phox induced by angiotensin II. Isorhamnetin appears to be a potent drug against esophageal cancer due to it's in vitro potential to not only inhibit proliferation but also induce apoptosis of Eca-109 cells.

Trilobatin (P-Phlorizin) has anti-oxidant effect, can increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.Trilobatin has anti-inflammatory effect, it potentially inhibits the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway.Trilobatin shows a strong inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and a moderate inhibitory activity against α-amylase for management of postprandial hyperglycemia with less side effect.

Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside) exhibits a protective effect on rat hepatocytes, inhibits COX-2 activity, has antimicrobial properties, and is a promising anti-HIV agent. Additionally, it demonstrates scavenging activity against DPPH radicals and superoxide anions, alleviates osteoarthritis, and increases brain cell membrane fluidity in ischemia-reperfusion rats.

12-oxo Leukotriene B4 (12-Oxo-LTB4) is a potent pro-inflammatory lipid mediator classified as a dihydroxy fatty acid that is enzymatically derived from arachidonic acid metabolism via the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway, and it promotes a diverse array of leukocyte functional responses including cellular aggregation, stimulation of transmembrane ion fluxes, enhancement of lysosomal enzyme release, superoxide anion generation, chemotaxis, and chemokinesis; 12-oxo Leukotriene B4 is an initial oxidative metabolite formed from Leukotriene B4 via the LTB4 12-hydroxydehydrogenase pathway, which undergoes rapid enzymatic conversion first to 10,11-dihydro-12-oxo-LTB4 followed by reduction of the 12-oxo group to yield 10,11-dihydro-LTB4, and this metabolite exhibits significantly reduced biological potency, being approximately 70-fold less potent than LTB4 in stimulating Ca2+ mobilization in human neutrophils (EC50 = 33 nM vs. 0.46 nM) and also markedly less effective at stimulating neutrophil migration (EC50 = 170 nM vs. 2.7 nM).

(E)-3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid is a less active isomer of 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, a natural monomer from Securidaca inappendiculata Hassk. It exerts anti-apoptotic effects in L-02 cells via ROS-mediated signaling, showing potential in research related to inflammation and immunology.

Sphingosine (d14:1) is a bioactive sphingolipid that has been found in B. mori (silkworm), P. clarkii (crayfish), and A. aurita (jellyfish) extracts. It increases the germination rate of N. rileyi, an entomopathogenic fungus, with an EC50 value of 10.2 nM. Sphingosine (d14:1) inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) in vitro (IC50 = 7.3 mol%) as well as superoxide generation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in neutrophils and reduces growth of CHO cells (IC50s = 19 and 8 μM, respectively).

N-Acetyldopamine is a natural catecholamine exhibiting immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects, capable of attenuating LPS-induced TNF-α and superoxide production in THP-1 cells. It inhibits sepiapterin reductase activity.

Quercetin-3-O-sophoroside is a scavenger of superoxide anion isolated from the flowers of A. venetum.

Tubuloside A ( 8.6 microM) can inhibit D-galactosamine-induced death of hepatocytes. Tubuloside A has NO radical-scavenging activity, which possibly contributes to its anti-inflammatory effects.Tubuloside A shows stronger free radical scavenging activitie

1. Linderalactone showed significant inhibitory effects on superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils in response to fMLP/CB, values of IC5 is 8.48 μg/mL.

1. Swertianolin (Bellidifolin-8-O-Glucoside), mangiferin, rhodenthoside A-C, isoorientin, isovitexin, and amarogentin would serve as potential chemotaxonomic markers to differentiate Gentianaceae species. 2. Swertianolin and swertiamarin show significant hepatoprotective effect in the liver damage model induced by alpha-naphthylisot hiocyanate. 3. Swertianolin shows anti-acetylcholinesterase activity effects. 4. Swertianolin shows that it can scavenge superoxide and hydroxyl radicals with the studying method of the autoxidation of Pyrogallol and afenton.