superoxide

Kinetin (N6-Furfuryladenine), a type of cytokinin, has plant growth regulation effects.

Norbergenin is a chemical compound. It is the O-demethylated derivative of bergenin. It can be isolated from rhizomes of Bergenia stracheyi.

1. Thonningianin A has anti-cancer activities.2. Thonningianin A represents a new potent glutathione S-transferase in vitro inhibitor.3. Thonningianin A has antioxidant property, involves radical scavenging, anti-superoxide formation and metal chelation.

Aucuparin (2,6-dimethoxy-4-phenylphenol) is a plant antibiotic with anti-inflammatory activity. Aucuparin inhibited pulmonary fibrosis in mouse models induced by bleomycin (BLM). ABTS and FRAP showed clear scavenging activity. Aucuparin inhibited superoxide production of human neutrophils induced by fmlp, and its IC50 was 17.0μM.

Glucosamine (Chitosamine) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis.

Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate (myo-Inositol, hexakis(dihydrogen phosphate) dodecasodium salt hydrate) is a phosphorus storage compound of seeds and cereal grains. Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate inhibits the enzymatic superoxide source xanthine oxidase with an IC50 of 6 mM and has antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects.

TriacetonaMine (Vincubine) protects the activitis of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and creatine phos-phate kinase (CPK); it also inhibits CaCl2 induced agglomeration of thromocyte. Triacetonamine can improve the constructile function of heart mus-cles of acute anemia and decrease the content of malodialdehyde (MDA) in the heart muscles.

p-Benzoquinone is a superoxide scavenger. It is identified as a toxic metabolite in human blood.

Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside) exhibits a protective effect on rat hepatocytes, inhibits COX-2 activity, has antimicrobial properties, and is a promising anti-HIV agent. Additionally, it demonstrates scavenging activity against DPPH radicals and superoxide anions, alleviates osteoarthritis, and increases brain cell membrane fluidity in ischemia-reperfusion rats.

Morin monohydrate (oxylon pomiferum monohydrate) is a flavonoid extracted from Morus alba plant with anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, which reduces T-2 toxin-induced TNF-alpha, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, caspase-1, caspase-3, and caspase-11 mRNA. BML-286 is a WNP-containing WNP-containing BML-286, which reduces T-2 toxin-induced TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, caspase-1, caspase-3, and caspase-11 mRNA expression, and ameliorates T-2 toxin-induced injury by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX).

Coelenterazine is a superoxide anion-sensitive chemiluminescent probe that can be used to detect the chemiluminescence of peroxynitrite and can serve as a luminescent enzyme substrate for apoaequorin and Renilla luciferase.

Isopeonol (1-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)ethanone) is a useful life science reagent for biochemical experiments and organic synthesis.

6-Hydroxymelatonin is the main active metabolite and endogenous metabolite of Melatonin via CYP1A2, an agonist of MT2 receptor with antioxidant and neuroprotective effects, and effectively reduces KCN-induced lipid peroxidation and superoxide anion production.

Isorhamnetin (3-methylquercetin) is the methylated metabolite of quercetin. Quercetin is an important dietary flavonoid with in vitro antioxidant activity. Isorhamnetin prevents endothelial cell injuries from oxidized LDL via inhibition of lectin-like ox-LDL receptor-1 upregulation, interference of ox-LDL-mediated intracellular signaling pathway (p38MAPK activation, NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, eNOS expression) and the antioxidant activity of isorhamnetin. Isorhamnetin prevents endothelial dysfunction, superoxide production, and overexpression of p47phox induced by angiotensin II. Isorhamnetin appears to be a potent drug against esophageal cancer due to it's in vitro potential to not only inhibit proliferation but also induce apoptosis of Eca-109 cells.

Trilobatin (P-Phlorizin) has anti-oxidant effect, can increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.Trilobatin has anti-inflammatory effect, it potentially inhibits the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway.Trilobatin shows a strong inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and a moderate inhibitory activity against α-amylase for management of postprandial hyperglycemia with less side effect.

Sphingosine (d14:1) is a bioactive sphingolipid that has been found in B. mori (silkworm), P. clarkii (crayfish), and A. aurita (jellyfish) extracts. It increases the germination rate of N. rileyi, an entomopathogenic fungus, with an EC50 value of 10.2 nM. Sphingosine (d14:1) inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) in vitro (IC50 = 7.3 mol%) as well as superoxide generation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in neutrophils and reduces growth of CHO cells (IC50s = 19 and 8 μM, respectively).

Dihydroxyfumaric acid is a known generator of superoxide anions and by hydroxyl free radicals. Dihydroxyfumarate exposure can cause insulin inhibitory effects. It can spontaneously convert to hydroxypyruvate or to oxaloglycolate.

Quercetin-3-O-sophoroside is a scavenger of superoxide anion isolated from the flowers of A. venetum.

Tubuloside A ( 8.6 microM) can inhibit D-galactosamine-induced death of hepatocytes. Tubuloside A has NO radical-scavenging activity, which possibly contributes to its anti-inflammatory effects.Tubuloside A shows stronger free radical scavenging activitie

1. Linderalactone showed significant inhibitory effects on superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils in response to fMLP CB, values of IC5 is 8.48 μg mL.

1. Swertianolin (Bellidifolin-8-O-Glucoside), mangiferin, rhodenthoside A-C, isoorientin, isovitexin, and amarogentin would serve as potential chemotaxonomic markers to differentiate Gentianaceae species. 2. Swertianolin and swertiamarin show significant hepatoprotective effect in the liver damage model induced by alpha-naphthylisot hiocyanate. 3. Swertianolin shows anti-acetylcholinesterase activity effects. 4. Swertianolin shows that it can scavenge superoxide and hydroxyl radicals with the studying method of the autoxidation of Pyrogallol and afenton.

1. Loganic acid (Loganate) and geniposide exhibit both sides effect on superoxide generation.

Aristololactam IIIa demonstrates substantial inhibition of superoxide anion generation and elastase release, exhibiting IC50 values of 0.12 and 0.20 μg mL, respectively [1].

Meliadubin B, a natural triterpenoid, effectively inhibits inflammatory responses by suppressing superoxide anion generation in human neutrophils (EC 50 of 5.54 μM) as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase activity. Additionally, it demonstrates significant antifungal properties against the rice pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, with an IC 50 of 182.50 μM.