purines

Olomoucine is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of Cdk2/cyclin A, Cdc2/CyclinB, CDK2/CyclinE, CDK5/p35, and ERK1/p44 MAP kinase with IC50s of 7, 7, 7, 3, and 25 µM, respectively. It regulates the cell cycle and exhibits anti-melanin tumor activities.

Zeatin is a cytokinin derived from adenine. Zeatin was discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. It promotes growth of lateral buds and when sprayed on meristems stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants.

trans-Zeatin ((E)-Zeatin) is the member of the plant growth hormone family known as cytokinins, which regulate cell division, development, and nutrient processing.

7-Methylguanine is an orally available PARP1 inhibitor (Ki=61 μM) that competes with the substrate NAD+, exhibiting anticancer activity. As a natural nucleic acid metabolite, it may serve as a probe for protein-DNA interactions.

FGA139 is an inhibitor of cysteine proteases, specifically targeting cathepsin B and L with IC50 values of 4.98 μM and 3.14 μM, respectively. It reduces the production of NO in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and lowers TNFα levels in microglia, demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, FGA139 enhances the secretion of neuroprotective metabolites such as purines and linoleic acid in LPS-stimulated microglia. This compound is applicable in the study of neuroinflammatory diseases.

6-Thioguanosine-5'-O-diphosphate sodium (6-Thio-GDP sodium) (TGDP sodium) is an active metabolite of 6-Mercaptopurine. As a purine analogue, 6-Mercaptopurine acts as an antagonist to endogenous purines and is extensively utilized as both an anti-leukemic and immunosuppressive agent.

Proguanil (Chloroguanide) is a prophylactic antimalarial drug that acts primarily through its active metabolite, Cycloguanil, which inhibits the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme of Plasmodium falciparum, preventing the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines and inhibiting the growth and reproduction of the parasite.

Uridine-3'-monophosphate sodium is a nucleotide compound and a key component constituting ribonucleic acid (RNA). Uridine-3'-monophosphate sodium can be further metabolized and converted into uracil in rat jejunal tissue.

1,7-Dimethyluric acid is a metabolite of caffeine that serves as a biomarker for caffeine intake and can be detected in urine.

Purine (7H-Imidazo(4,5-d)pyrimidine) is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Two of the bases in nucleic acids, adenine and guanine, are purines. Purines from food (or from tissue turnover) are metabolised by several enzymes, including xanthine oxidase, into uric acid. High levels of uric acid can predispose to gout when the acid crystalises in joints; this phenomenon only happens in humans and some animal species (e.g. dogs) that lack an intrinsic uricase enzyme that can further degrade uric acid.

Lometrexol (DDATHF) disodium is a potent inhibitor of human serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1/2 (hSHMT1/2) and antifolate, which reduces the activity of glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT) without causing detectable levels of DNA strand breaks. Lometrexol disodium exhibits anticancer effects by inhibiting the de novo synthesis of purines, causing abnormal cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.

Guanosine 5'-diphosphate sodium is a nucleoside diphosphate involved in various intracellular signaling processes, particularly in G protein–coupled receptor signaling, where it regulates G protein activation through GDP/GTP exchange. It may also indirectly influence ion channel activity, such as ATP-sensitive potassium channels.

S-Adenosyl-L-methionine iodide is a universal methyl donor in vivo, participating in the methylation of DNA, RNA, and proteins, playing a core role in gene regulation and cellular homeostasis.

6-Mercaptopurine-13C2,15N is a 6-Mercaptopurine (T0010) labeled with 13C and 15N. This compound is a purine analog that acts as an antagonist to endogenous purines and is widely used for its anti-leukemic and immunosuppressive properties.

Adenosine (Standard) is a reference standard for adenosine, suitable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and biochemical experiments. Adenosine is a naturally occurring ribonucleoside composed of adenosine bound to ribose, exhibiting vasodilatory, antiarrhythmic, and analgesic effects.

Adenosine monophosphate (Standard) is a reference standard of adenosine monophosphate, suitable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and biochemical studies. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is an important intracellular nucleotide metabolite that plays a central role in energy metabolism, particularly by regulating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway involved in cellular energy sensing and homeostasis.

Folic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Folic acid, primarily used for research and analytical applications. Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is an orally active essential nutrient from the Vitamin B complex, playing a critical role in DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation. Folic acid exhibits neuroprotective and antidepressant-like effects, significantly reduces the risk of neural tube defects in newborns, and is utilized in studies of megaloblastic anemia caused by folate deficiency.

Hypoxanthine (Standard) is the standard reference of Hypoxanthine, suitable for quantitative analysis, quality control and biochemical research. Hypoxanthine, also known as purine-6-ol or Hyp, is a naturally occurring purine derivative and an intermediate in the formation of nucleic acids via the adenosine metabolism and nucleotide salvage pathways. Under normal physiological conditions, hypoxanthine is readily converted into uric acid, which is further oxidized from hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid by xanthine oxidase.

Inosine (Standard) is a reference standard for inosine, suitable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and biochemical experiments. Inosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside produced by the catabolism of adenosine. It acts as an agonist for adenosine receptors and can be used in studies of inflammation, immunity, and neuroprotection.

Uric Acid (Standard) is a standard reference substance for analytical research and assay. Uric acid is an important antioxidant that scavenges oxygen free radicals and reactive oxygen species (such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite), inhibits lipid peroxidation and maintains blood pressure stability. As the end product of purine metabolism, it is commonly used to induce hypertension animal models.

Xanthine (Standard) is a standard reference substance for analytical research and assay. Xanthine is a plant alkaloid present in tea, coffee and cocoa. It is a mild central nervous system stimulant and an intermediate in the purine degradation pathway.

NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is a key cellular reducing coenzyme that provides reducing power during anabolic processes such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, and participates in the glutathione and thioredoxin systems to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. In addition, NADPH serves as an electron donor for enzymes such as NADPH oxidase, playing a crucial role in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and immune defense processes.

Cyclic GMP (cGMP) belongs to the class of endogenous metabolites and is a pivotal intracellular second messenger that mediates extracellular signals such as nitric oxide (NO) and natriuretic peptides (NPs). The effects of Cyclic GMP are primarily executed through three main target groups: cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), cGMP-gated cation channels, and phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Cyclic GMP is capable of inhibiting platelet adhesion and aggregation and participates in enhancing antiviral immune responses.

Heterocyclic compound –purines, intermediate and building block; Used for modified nucleosides and nucleic acids