protoporphyrin

Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is a tetrapyrrole that is a metabolic precursor of heme, cytochrome c, and chlorophyll. Protoporphyrin IX has been shown to improve liver function, promote cellular tissue respiration, improve protein and glucose metabolism, and resist complement binding.

Tin-protoporphyrin IX dichloride (SnPPIX dichloride) is an HO-1) inhibitor with antiviral activity that inhibits dengue and yellow fever viruses.

Zinc Protoporphyrin (Zn(II)-protoporphyrin IX) is an orally active, competitive inhibitor of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) that markedly attenuates the protective effects of Phloroglucinol (PG) against H2O2 and exhibits anti-cancer activity.

Protoporphyrin IX disodium, as a radiation sensitizer, enhances the production of ROS and induces DNA damage even under hypoxic conditions. It also acts as a photosensitizer, undergoing direct degradation through photobleaching upon light exposure. This compound accumulates in rat tumor cells following administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA). When activated with a peak wavelength of 405 nm, Protoporphyrin IX disodium selectively improves basal cell carcinoma. It shows promise in pharmacological research of sonodynamic and photodynamic therapy for cancers such as bladder cancer and nodular basal cell carcinoma.

Protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester is the dimethyl ester of Protoporphyrin IX, which can serve as a photosensitiser in poorly differentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and is used for synthesising chlorine-based photosensitisers and Zn(II) ion sensors.

Cobaltic Protoporphyrin IX chloride (CoPP) is a potent heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) inducer with antiviral activity that inhibits influenza A virus (IAV) infection by inducing a type I IFN response. mTOR inhibitor-8 is a potent mTOR inhibitor and autophagy inducer with antiviral and antitumor activities.

Cu (II) Protoporphyrin IX functions as a negative control for Zn (II) Protoporphyrin, a heme oxygenase inhibitor. Heme oxygenase is involved in tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy and the regulation of free radical formation, inflammation, and vascular repair.

Mg(II) protoporphyrin IX, essential for chlorophyll synthesis in Chlorella, functions as a negative regulator of nuclear photosynthetic gene expression and is used as a research tool for studying the signaling molecule in plastid-to-nucleus communication.

Ni(II) protoporphyrin IX is a metalloporphyrin compound characterized by limited propensity for axial ligation and distortion upon binding to [ferrochelatase].

Mn(II) protoporphyrin IX is a potent intravenous paramagnetic magnetic resonance contrast agent, noted for its strong paramagnetic properties.

Ga(III)protoporphyrin-IX, a model for interporphyrin interactions in malaria pigment, possesses potent antibacterial effects against gram-negative, gram-positive, and acid-fast bacteria. It exhibits high solubility in methanol (MeOH) and serves as a malarial pigment analogue for drug development, as well as a potential antibacterial agent.

Cobalt Protoporphyrin IX serves as a potent, specific inducer of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and demonstrates broad-spectrum antiviral effects against Influenza A virus (IAV) [1].

Mn(Ⅲ) Protoporphyrin IX Chloride (Manganese(Ⅲ) Protoporphyrin IX Chloride) is a metallated derivative of protoporphyrin IX, an experimental MRI relaxation enhancer.

Pd(II) Protoporphyrin IX is a natural porphyrin derivative.

Cr(III) Protoporphyrin IX chloride is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biomaterial for life science related research and as a sulfonylation reagent for organic synthesis and drug discovery.

N-Methylprotoporphyrin IX, a potent inhibitor of the ferrochelatase enzyme[1].

5-ALA benzyl ester hydrochloride (Benzyl-ALA hydrochloride) is a protoporphyrin precursor used as a photodetection agent. It induces protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) accumulation in colon carcinoma cell lines.

Acifluorfen is a protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor herbicide that promotes the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX. It induces liver tumors, liver injury, and cardiac dysfunction in rodents, and causes severe photooxidative damage to pigments and lipids in susceptible plants. It can be used to induce hepatitis and pancreatitis.

Methyl aminolevulinate is a prodrug that can be metabolized to Protoporphyrin IX. Methyl aminolevulinate is an agent used as a sensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT).

ABCG2-IN-4 (Compound K31) is an orally active ABCG2 inhibitor that reduces the release of Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) from red blood cells into the plasma and prevents phototoxicity. In mouse models, ABCG2-IN-4 also demonstrates anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Biliverdin, produced through the oxidation of bilirubin, can also be synthesized through a non-protoporphyrin pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum [1].

CP94, an iron chelator, enhances protoporphyrin IX photobleaching and reduces the viability of A431 squamous epithelial carcinoma cells at a 150 µM concentration with photodynamic therapy (PDT) using protoporphyrin IX precursors such as aminolevulinic acid (ALA), methyl aminolevulinate (MAL), or hexylaminolevulinate (HAL). Additionally, CP94 (2 mg ml in drinking water) lowers hepatic non-heme and ferritin-bound iron levels while increasing hepatic protoporphyrin levels in mice. It also counteracts ferrocene-induced rises in rat brain iron levels at a dosage of 100 mg kg.