protective

Idebenone (CV-2619) is a synthetic analogue of ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q10), a vital cell antioxidant and essential component of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC).

Bilobalide ((-)-Bilobalide), a bioactive from Gingko Biloba, is active on hypoxia-induced alterations.

Oxytocin acetate (α-Hypophamine acetate) is a mammalian neurohypophysial hormone, a ligand of oxytocin receptor.

Lafutidine (FRG-8813) is a newly developed histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits gastric acid secretion.

3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (Isochlorogenic acid B) has antioxidant activity.

Emodin 6-O-β-D-glucoside (Glucoemodin) can protect barrier integrity and inhibit HMGB1-mediated inflammatory responses, which suggests a potential use as a therapy for sepsis or septic shock. Emodin 6-O-beta-D-glucoside has anti-inflammatory activities and also may have significant therapeutic benefits against diabetic complications and atherosclerosis.

Lercanidipine hydrochloride (Corifeo) is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class.

Pyrintegrin, a β1-integrin agonist, promotes the survival of embryonic stem cells, can be used as a podocyte-protective agent, and enhances cell-extracellular matrix adhesion-mediated integrin signaling.

RWJ-67657 (JNJ 3026582) is an orally active, selective p38α and p38β MAPK inhibitor (IC50s: 1 and 11 μM, respectively), with no activity at p38γ and p38δ, and demonstrates cardioprotective effects.

Lercanidipine (Masnidipine) is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class.

1. Sinapine, an alkaloid from seeds of the cruciferous species, can be used as an effective natural compound for chemo-resistance. 2. Sinapine has antioxidant and radio-protective activities.

Sinapine Thiocyanate, is a derivative of Sinapine (S486605), an alkaloidal amine found in black mustard seeds. It is the choline ester of Sinapic Acid (S486800). It is also a phenolic-chloine conjugates, acting as anti-oxidants and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, that can be used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Zacopride is a highly potent 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (Kd = 0.38 nM) and 5-HT4 receptor agonist (Ki = 373 nM). It also is a selective IK1 channel agonist.

Alfacalcidol (Etalpha) (1-hydroxycholecalciferol; Alpha D3; 1.alpha.-Hydroxyvitamin D3) is a non-selective VDR activator medication.

1. Schisandrol B (Besigomsin) may exert neuroprotective effects by attenuating the microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory response via inhibiting the TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. 2. Schisandrol B has anti-inflammatory property, potentially result from the inhibition of COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α and NO through the down-regulation of RIP2 and NF-κB activation. 3. Schisandrol B induces marked protective effects against hepatic and renal injury induced by CCl(4) exposure through differential regulation of the MAPK signal transduction pathway. 4. Schisandrol B significantly inhibits cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, due to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase with the downregulation of cyclin D1 expression and Retinoblastoma (RB) phosphorylation.

Cholestenone is an intermediate oxidation product of cholesterol that is metabolized primarily in the liver. It can cause long-term defects in cell function. It is highly mobile in membranes and affects cholesterol turnover and efflux.

ethyl 2-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate is a synthetic compound belonging to the curcumin family. It is involved in the regulation of immune response and inflammation through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway, in the regulation of antioxidant response through activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, and in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation through inhibition of the Akt signaling pathway.

Neuroprotective Agent 2 (Compd 28) is a potent neuroprotective compound with protective effects in both salsolinol and glutamate-induced neurodegeneration models, reducing oxidative stress and caspase-3/7 activity in the glutamate model [1].

Neuroprotective agent 5 (compound 28) acts as a brain-penetrating agent with anti-neuroinflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. It exhibits potent inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) with an EC50 of 0.49 μM and suppresses the release of pro-inflammatory mediators PGE2 and TNF-α. Additionally, it downregulates the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins, facilitating the polarization of BV-2 cells from a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Neuroprotective agent 5 also dose-dependently inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and the aggregation of Aβ42. This compound is useful for research into Alzheimer's disease.

Neuroprotective agent 6 (Compound Y12) functions as an antioxidant and displays prominent neuroprotective effects in both oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) induced cell models and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) induced animal models. Additionally, this compound shows significant metal chelating activity towards Cu2+.

Neuroprotective agent 7 (Compound 13) is a brain-penetrant neuroprotective agent that significantly reduces the infarct area in MCAO rat models. It serves as a potent neuroprotective compound and is applicable for studies related to cerebral ischemia and similar conditions.

Neuroprotective agent 10 (Compound 11c) is a brain-penetrant neuroprotective compound. It effectively scavenges ABTS radicals (IC50 for scavenging: 9.20 μM), DPPH radicals (IC50 for scavenging: 7.09 μM), and superoxide anion radicals (inhibition rate: 48.4%). Additionally, it mitigates oxidative damage induced by H2O2 and neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides, demonstrating antiepileptic properties. Neuroprotective agent 10 shows promise for research in epilepsy and neuroprotection.

Neuroprotective agent 8 (compound AA-9) is an orally active neuroprotective agent that functions through antioxidant stress reduction and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In a rat model of MCAO ischemic stroke, it activates PGC-1α and inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Neuroprotective agent 9 (compound 7) is a neuroprotective compound with promising potential for use in research on neuronal damage, including conditions such as stroke, brain injury, and neuropathic pain.