positive control

ARM1 is a potent inhibitor of aminopeptidase and epoxide hydrolase. The IC50 values are 7.61 µM for aminopeptidase and 12.4 µM for epoxide hydrolase.

D-Saccharic acid 1,4-lactone hydrate is a potent β-glucuronidase inhibitor (IC50=48.4 μM) that possesses anticarcinogenic, detoxifying, and antioxidant properties[1][2].

Bifenazate is a positive allosteric modulator of GABA receptor. Bifenazate is an acaricide that controls 100% of mites at a concentration of 25 ppm.

5'-pApA is a linearized form of cyclic di-AMP, a bacterial second messenger that activates the host innate immune system through stimulator of interferon genes (STING).1,2,3,4It is a metabolite of cyclic di-AMP formedviahydrolysis by various phosphodiesterases (PDEs).55'-pApA is intended for use as a negative control for cyclic di-AMP signaling. 1.Burdette, D.L., Monroe, K.M., Sotelo-Troha, K., et al.STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic-di-GMPNature478(7370)515-518(2011) 2.Parvatiyar, K., Zhang, Z., Teles, R.M., et al.DDX41 recognizes bacterial secondary messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP to activate a type I interferon immune responseNat. Immunol.13(12)1155-1161(2012) 3.Woodward, J.J., Iavarone, A.T., and Portnoy, D.A.c-di-AMP secreted by intracellular Listeria monocytogenes activates a host type I interferon responseScience328(5986)1703-1705(2010) 4.Witte, C.E., Whiteley, A.T., Burke, T.P., et al.Cyclic di-AMP is critical for Listeria monocytogenes growth, cell wall homeostasis, and establishment of infectionmBio4(3)e00282-00213(2013) 5.Fahmi, T., Port, G.C., and Cho, K.H.c-di-AMP: An essential molecule in the signaling pathways that regulate the viability and virulence of gram-positive bacteriaGenes (Basel)8(8)197(2017)

Givinostat (ITF-2357) is an HDAC inhibitor with IC50 values of 198 nM for HDAC1 and 157 nM for HDAC3.

MCA17-1 exhibits superior bioactivity compared to the positive control, obeticholic acid (OCA), in the treatment of liver fibrosis.

The growth factors, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) play major roles in enhanced smooth muscle cells growth in rodent blood vessels after vascular injury. Tyrosine kinase inhibition has been shown to be effective in blocking tyrosine phosphorylation at the PDGF and bFGF receptors in cultured fibroblast and vascular smooth muscle cells which in turn inhibits their proliferation[1]. CGP 53716 is a specific PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor on SMC (smooth muscle cell) proliferation and migration in vitro and in neointimal formationin vivo[3]. CGP 53716 inhibited serum-induced cell growth in RASMC (rat aortic smooth muscle cells). And it completely blocked PDGF-BB tyrosine receptor autophosphorylation in RASMC and 3T3 cells, PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase at 1 μM in RASMC and inhibited PDGF-BB-induced c-Fos protein expression at 1 μM in RASMC; consistent with inhibition of PDGF-BB-induced DNA synthesis. Further, CGP 53716 inhibited PDGF-BB-, bFGF- and EGF-induced DNA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner in each cell line. And it showed a 2- to 4-fold selectivity for PDGF-BB-stimulated DNA synthesis over bFGF or EGF in RASMC or 3T3 cells[1]. CGP 53716 inhibited dose dependently tyrosine phosphorylation of both the known PDGFRs: the PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β. After rat carotid artery ballooning injuryin vivo, the migration of alpha-actin-positive cells on the luminal side of internal elastic lamina was decreased with 50 mg kg day of CGP 53716 from 38 ± 10 (control group) to 4 ± 2. Intima media ratio was inhibited by 40% after 14 days in the CGP 53716-treated group (P=0.028) after rat aortic denudation[3].

DC-120 is an ATP competitive AKT kinase inhibitor that suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis in liver cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. DC120 blocked the phosphorylation of downstream molecules in the AKT signal pathway in dose- and time-dependent manners both in vitro and in vivo. DC120 inhibits AKT activity in vitro with an EC(50) of 153 nM. DC120 at 20 mg kg day inhibited the CNE2 xenograft tumor growth with a treated group control group ratio of 38.1%, accompanied by increasing terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasedUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells in the tumor sample.

RatIgG2bkappa, Isotype Control, is an IgG2bκ antibody isotype control derived from rats. It is employed to minimize or eliminate false positive results caused by non-specific binding.

Baquiloprim (Standard) is the standard substance of Baquiloprim, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Baquiloprim, an antibiotic, functions as a selective inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductases, exhibiting in vitro bacteriostatic activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria .

Cefotaxime sodium (Standard) is the standard substance of Cefotaxime sodium, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Cefotaxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Like other third-generation cephalosporins, it has broad spectrum activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. In most cases, it is considered to be equivalent to ceftriaxone in terms of safety and efficacy. Cefotaxime sodium (Cefotaxim sodium salt) is marketed under various trade names including Claforan (Sanofi-Aventis).

D-(+)-Melezitose (Standard) is the standard substance of D-(+)-Melezitose, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. D-(+)-Melezitose can be used to identify indole-positive and indole-negative Klebsiella clinical isolates.

Flucloxacillin sodium (Standard) is the standard substance of Flucloxacillin sodium, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Flucloxacillin sodium (floxacillin sodium) is a highly active antibiotic against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Garenoxacin (Standard) is the standard substance of Garenoxacin, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Garenoxacin (BMS284756) is a novel oral des-fluoro(6) quinolone for the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections.

Gemifloxacin mesylate (Standard) is the standard substance of Gemifloxacin mesylate, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Gemifloxacin mesylate (Gemifloxacin mesylate) inhibits activities of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and eventually bacterial growth. Gemifloxacin Mesylate is the mesylate salt form of gemifloxacin, a synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone with antibacterial activity. This fluoroquinolone exerts an enhanced spectrum of activity against gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus, in addition to its activity against gram-negative bacteria.

Kanamycin sulfate (Standard) is the standard substance of Kanamycin sulfate, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Kanamycin sulfate (Kanamycin monosulfate) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that interferes with protein synthesis by binding to the 70S ribosomal subunit of bacteria. Kanamycin sulfate exhibits antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as mycoplasmas.

Linolelaidic acid (Standard) is the standard substance of Linolelaidic acid, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Linolelaidic acid ((9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid) is a major positive regulator of CTL activity, an essential nutrient for humans, with anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic properties. It improves metabolic adaptability, prevents fatigue, and stimulates memory-like phenotypes with exceptional effects. It induces apoptosis and can be used in infection studies.

Nitrofurazone (Standard) is the standard substance of Nitrofurazone, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Nitrofurazone (Nitrofural; Furacilin) is an orally active nitroaromatic broad-spectrum antibiotic with activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly used for establishing breast cancer models.

Norfloxacin (Standard) is the standard substance of Norfloxacin, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Norfloxacin (MK-0366)(Norxacin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Pefloxacin Mesylate (Standard) is the standard substance of Pefloxacin Mesylate, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Pefloxacin Mesylate (Pefloxacinium mesylate) is a synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

Rifampicin (Standard) is the standard substance of Rifampicin, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Rifampicin (Rifamycin AMP) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Rifampicin has a strong antibacterial effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is also effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and viruses.

Spectinomycin sulfate hydrate (Standard) is the standard substance of Spectinomycin sulfate hydrate, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Spectinomycin sulfate hydrate is a broad-spectrum antibiotic capable of inhibiting the growth of various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It targets bacterial ribosomes specifically, thereby disrupting protein synthesis. Additionally, spectinomycin sulfate hydrate acts as a non-competitive inhibitor of td intron RNA, with a Ki of 7.2 mM.

Spiramycin (Standard) is the standard substance of Spiramycin, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Spiramycin (Rovamycin) is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens. The drug is effective against gram-positive aerobic pathogens, N. gonorrhoeae, and staphylococci. It is used to treat infections caused by bacteria and Toxoplasma gondii.

Sulfaquinoxaline Sodium Salt (Standard) is the standard substance of Sulfaquinoxaline Sodium Salt, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Sulfaquinoxaline sodium salt (SQ-Na) is a veterinary broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent with antigram-negative and gram-positive activity.Sulfaquinoxaline can be used to prevent coccidiosis and bacterial infections.