nephrotoxicity

An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.

Cefsulodin sodium (Sulcephalosporin) hydrate is a β lactam antibiotic.

Betamipron (CS-443) is used combination with panipenem to prevent nephrotoxicity and inhibit panipenem uptake into the renal tubule.

EUK-134, a synthetic superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase mimetic, exhibits potent antioxidant activities and inhibits the formation of β-amyloid and related amyloid fibrils.

Fosfomycin calcium (Phosphomycin calcium salt) is a blood-brain barrier penetrating, broad-spectrum antibiotic by irreversibly inhibiting an early stage in cell wall synthesis.

Potassium oxonate (Potassium azaorotate) is a uricase inhibitor that prevents metabolism and excretion of uric acid and induces embryotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats.

D-Lysine is the D-isomer of L-Lysine, prepared by chemical racemization and microbial asymmetric degradation of L-Lysine.D-Lysine reduces renal uptake of radiolabeled peptides and decreases nephrotoxicity.

Fosfomycin sodium is a bactericidal, low-molecular weight, broad-spectrum antibiotic, with putative activity against several bacteria, including multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, by irreversibly inhibiting an early stage in cell wall synthesis.

Colistin (Polymyxin E), a polypeptide antibiotic with oral activity, exhibits strong efficacy against a range of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, such as multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, its use is associated with nephrotoxicity. It is primarily utilized in researching infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli [1] [2].

UTL-5g (3-Isoxazolecarboxamide, N-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-) is a novel potential chemoprotective agent, TNF-α inhibitor that reduces cisplatin-induced side effects including nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and hematotoxicity. It lowers elevated levels of AST, ALT, creatinine, BUN, and TNF-α, increases the reduced platelet count in mice, and acts as a novel chemo- and radioprotective agent.

OAT1 3-IN-2 (compound 8) is a dual inhibitor of OAT1 and OAT3, demonstrating potential protective effects against Cys-Hg toxicity in HEK-OAT1 cells (10 μM) and may safeguard renal function. This compound is useful for investigating mercury-induced nephrotoxicity [1].

7-Hydroxyaristolochic acid A is a natural derivative of aristolochic acid. Aristolochic acid is nephrotoxic and carcinogenic, inhibits APE1 Nrf2 HO-1 axis-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis leading to nephrotoxicity, and induces apoptosis in NRK-52E cells via COX-2 and PGE2.

CT1-3 is a potent anti-cancer agent. CT1-3 regulates the JNK Bcl-2 Bax XIAP pathway, which induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. CT1-3 regulates the E-cadherin Snail axis to inhibit epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) potentials in human cancer cells (HCCs) and suppresses tumourigenesis. CT1-3 has anti-tumour effects in mouse models and does not show significant hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity.

Serum thymic factor acetate (Thymulin acetate) is the acetylated form of Serum thymic factor. This zinc-dependent immunoregulatory peptide hormone is produced by thymic epithelial cells. It stimulates pituitary release hormones, exhibiting pro-pituitary activities. Serum thymic factor acetate protects rats from nephrotoxicity caused by Cephaloridine through the inhibition of ERK activation. Additionally, it possesses anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties, making it useful in the research of endocrine, reproductive, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory diseases.

Alisol C can improve glucose uptake in Hep G2 cells, it may be one of the therapeutic material basis in hypoglycemic activities in A. orientalis. Alisol C,16,23-oxido-alisol B and alisol O in Zexie may cause nephrotoxicity.

Acetaminophen Glucuronide sodium salt (APAP-glu) is a compound with antipyretic and analgesic activity and is an acetaminophen metabolite with potential nephrotoxicity.

Cephaloridine hydrate, a broad-spectrum antibacterial antibiotic, exhibits dose-related nephrotoxicity [1] [2].

Sodium aristolate 1, also known as aristolochic acid sodium salt, is found in certain Chinese herbal medicines and causes nephrotoxicity. This proagent becomes active when its nitro groups are reduced to amines, which subsequently leads to the production of cytotoxic DNA adducts.