microscopy

Ruthenium Red (Ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride) is a polycationic dye widely used for electron microscopy (EM) of cells, tissues and vegetative bacteria. Ruthenium red strongly reacts with phospholipids and fatty acids and binds to acidic mucopolysaccharides. Ruthenium red is a L-type calcium current (ICa) blocker, blocks Ca2+ uptake and release, and voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels

6-CFDA (6-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate) is fluorescent polyanionic probe that used to measure changes in intracellular pH (pHi) and processes such as dendrimer aggregation and absorption.

2-NBDG is a fluorescent indicator for direct glucose uptake measurement. It is an indicator of cell viability.

BODIPY FL prazosin is a fluorescent α1-adrenergic antagonist with binding affinities of Ki: 14.5 nM for α1a-AR and Ki: 43.3 nM for α1b-AR, used to study subcellular localization differences in α1-adrenoceptor subtypes.

5-CFDA (5-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate)(5-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate) is membrane-permeant. It can be loaded into cells via incubation and hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases to 5-carboxyfluorescein that is used for labeling human intervertebral disk cells in vitro for fluorescence microscopy.

FHZ is a fluorescent probe (IUPAC: 2-(7-hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one-10-yl)benzoic acid), widely utilized in biological imaging due to its high sensitivity and selectivity in detecting specific molecular targets within cellular environments, exhibiting optimal excitation and emission spectra for various fluorescence microscopy applications.

5(6)-CFDA (5-(6)-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate) is a cell-permeant esterase substrate that can serve as a viability probe that measures both enzymatic activities, which is required to activate its fluorescence, and cell-membrane integrity, which is required for intracellular retention of their fluorescent product.

5(6)-FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate), or Fluorescein 5(6)-isothiocyanate, is a versatile amine-reactive derivative of fluorescein dye. It serves as an effective label for antibodies and other probes, finding utility in fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence-based assays such as ELISA and Western blotting.

HMSiR680-Me is a bright and stable fluorescent dye designed for multicolor, time-lapse, and super-resolution imaging to observe acidic organelles. It is suitable for overnight time-lapse experiments and rapid continuous super-resolution microscopy imaging, maintaining imaging quality for at least 1000 frames. HMSiR680-Me can also be used with silicon rhodamine dyes in multiplexed super-resolution microscopy experiments, enabling the visualization of interactions between the mitochondrial inner membrane and lysosomes using a single excitation laser and simultaneous depletion technique.

CD649.2 is a responsive fluorescent probe specifically designed for Cu(II) detection, exhibiting selectivity for metals and oxidation states. It allows for the monitoring of intracellular active Cu(II) levels via live-cell confocal microscopy. This probe provides fundamental insights into the existence and regulation of active Cu(II) levels, such as identifying divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) as an importer of Cu(II), observing the increase of active Cu(II) under oxidative stress induced by glutathione depletion, and examining the interaction between increased active Cu(II) and decreased active Cu(I) caused by cancerous mutations that promote oxidative stress.

Galactose-PEG-Cy3 is a Cy3-labeled Galactose-PEG conjugate. The Cy3 fluorophore is frequently used in applications such as immunolabeling, nucleic acid labeling, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. Cy3's maximum emission wavelength ranges from approximately 562-570 nm. Galactose-PEG enhances cellular uptake of drugs and reduces endosomal degradation, making it valuable for drug delivery.

Chitosan-PEG-Cy3 is a fluorescent labeling reagent that combines the Cy3 fluorescent dye with Chitosan and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Cy3 fluorophores are frequently utilized in applications like immunolabeling, nucleic acid labeling, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. The maximum emission wavelength of Cy3 is approximately 562-570 nm. Chitosan exhibits antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi.

RGD-PEG-Cy3 is a fluorescent labeling reagent that combines the Cy3 fluorescent dye, peptide (RGD), and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The Cy3 fluorophore is commonly employed in applications such as immunolabeling, nucleic acid labeling, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry, with a peak emission wavelength of approximately 562-570 nm. RGD is a peptide sequence (CRGDKGPDCiRGD) that targets tumor tissues specifically by binding to αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrin receptors, which are involved in tumor neovascularization.

TAT-PEG-Cy3 is a fluorescent labeling reagent that integrates the Cy3 fluorescent dye, a cell-penetrating peptide (TAT), and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The Cy3 fluorophore is commonly employed in applications such as immunolabeling, nucleic acid labeling, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry, with a maximum emission wavelength of approximately 562–570 nm. TAT-PEG-Cy3 is suitable for cell-targeted delivery and bioimaging.

Dextran-CY3 is a fluorescent labeling reagent combining the Cy3 fluorescent dye with Dextran. The Cy3 fluorophore is commonly utilized in applications such as immunolabeling, nucleic acid labeling, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. Cy3 has a maximum emission wavelength of approximately 562-570 nm. Dextran inhibits platelet aggregation and clotting factors, and is used as a plasma volume expander.

eGFP mRNA-LNP (500 ng uL) is a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) containing eGFP mRNA, suitable for assays of RNA delivery, translation efficiency, and cell viability. eGFP circRNA includes the Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (eGFP), which expresses green fluorescent protein upon entering cells. eGFP is commonly used as a reporter gene detectable by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry.

Cy3-PEG-NH2 is a polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivative that incorporates a Cy3 fluorescent dye and an amino group. The Cy3 fluorophore is commonly utilized in applications such as immunolabeling, nucleic acid labeling, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. Its maximum emission wavelength ranges from approximately 562 to 570 nm. Cy3-PEG-NH2 is applicable for fluorescence imaging, fluorescent tracing, and fluorescent labeling.

OVA-PEG-Cy3 is a conjugate of OVA-PEG labeled with Cy3. The Cy3 fluorophore is widely used in applications such as immunolabeling, nucleic acid labeling, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry, with its maximum emission wavelength approximately at 562-570 nm. Ovalbumins (OVA) are the primary proteins found in egg whites, known for their diverse biological activities, including anticancer, antihypertensive, antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunoregulatory effects. Ovalbumins are the most abundant proteins synthesized in oviducts treated with progesterone or estrogen and are commonly used as markers to study hormone regulation of gene expression in tissues.

Cy5-Paclitaxel is a Cy5-labeled paclitaxel conjugate. Cy5 is a cyanine dye (with an approximate wavelength of 662 nm) utilized in molecular labeling and microscopy imaging. Paclitaxel stabilizes tubulin polymerization, causing mitotic arrest and apoptotic death. It also induces autophagy.

DOX-PEG-Cy3 (Doxorubicin-PEG-Cy3) is a Cy3-labeled DOX-PEG conjugate. The Cy3 fluorophore is commonly used for applications such as immunolabeling, nucleic acid labeling, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. The maximum emission wavelength of Cy3 is approximately 562-570 nm. DOX is a broad-spectrum anthracycline antibiotic with cytotoxic properties.

CDDP-PEG-Cy3 is a conjugate labeled with the Cy3 fluorophore, commonly used in applications such as immunolabeling, nucleic acid labeling, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. The maximum emission wavelength of Cy3 is approximately 562-570 nm. Cisplatin (CDDP) is an antitumor chemotherapeutic agent that causes DNA damage in cancer cells by cross-linking with DNA. Additionally, Cisplatin can activate ferroptosis and induce autophagy.

MTX-PEG-Cy3 is a Cy3-labeled MTX-PEG conjugate. Cy3 fluorophore is frequently utilized in applications such as immunolabeling, nucleic acid labeling, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry, with a maximum emission wavelength of approximately 562-570 nm. Methotrexate (Amethopterin; MTX) serves as an antimetabolite and antifolate agent that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, preventing the conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolate and ultimately inhibiting DNA synthesis. Additionally, Methotrexate functions as an immunosuppressant and antineoplastic agent, deployed in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and the investigation of various cancers, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PTX-PEG-Cy3 is a conjugate of PTX-PEG labeled with Cy3. The Cy3 fluorophore is commonly employed in applications such as immunolabeling, nucleic acid labeling, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry, with a peak emission wavelength around 562-570 nm. PTX stabilizes tubulin polymerization, leading to mitotic arrest and apoptosis, ultimately resulting in cell death, and can also induce autophagy.

cRGD-PEG-Cy3 is a cRGD-PEG conjugate labeled with Cy3. The Cy3 fluorophore is commonly utilized in applications such as immunolabeling, nucleic acid labeling, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry, with a peak emission wavelength of approximately 562-570 nm. cRGD can be used for lipid modification to enhance stability.