microbiota

Methyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylvalerate [Methyl 2-hydroxyisovalerate] is a predominant volatile compound found in Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline, betaine, and carnitine. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation through the activation of the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. TMAO is commonly used to induce cardiac fibrosis models.

2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid (2-Hydroxy-p-anisic Acid) is a predicted metabolite generated by BioTransformer1 that is produced by the metabolism of 3-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid. It is generated by unspecified-gutmicro enzyme via a beta-oxidation-of-carbxoylic-acid reaction. This beta-oxidation-of-carbxoylic-acid occurs in human gut microbiota.

4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (parahydroxy phenylacetate) is a major microbiota-derived metabolite of polyphenols. 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid(p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid) is involved in the antioxidative action. 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid(p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid) induces expression of Nrf2.

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMANO dihydrate) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation and cardiac fibrosis via the TGF-β Smad2 signaling pathway. TMANO dihydrate can be used to establish models of cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis.

3-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (Hydroumbellic acid) is a predicted metabolite generated by BioTransformer1 from the metabolism of 3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid. It is produced by the abkar1 enzyme via a reduction-of-alpha-beta-unsaturated-compounds-pattern1 reaction in human gut microbiota.

Dihydroresveratrol (3,4',5-Trihydroxybibenzyl) is a major metabolite of resveratrol that is produced by animal-associated bacteria, including the gut microbiota. Dihydroresveratrol and dihydroresveratrol monosulfate are detectable in urine. The physiological effects of dihydroresveratrol have not been investigated.

Theaflavin digallate and lactic acid together could reduce herpes simplex virus transmission.

Stachyose hydrate is a natual product,it highly promotes proliferation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) by inducing LAB to produce more α-galactosidase to hydrolyze stachyose.

Stachyose is an oligosaccharide that inhibits the proliferation of vancomycin-resistant enterococci.Stachyose regulates the intestinal microbiota and attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis in mice.

Phenyl sulfate, an orally active metabolite derived from gut microbiota, induces albuminuria and podocyte damage in diabetes experimental models. It serves as a potential disease marker and therapeutic target for diabetic kidney disease [1].

4-Hydroxyphenylpropionylglycine, a metabolite derived from the conditionally essential amino acid tyrosine, is synthesized through a process involving aromatic amino acid aminotransferase and tyrosine aminotransferase activities, with subsequent modifications by gut microbiota and glycine conjugation. Additionally, it serves as a metabolite of the phenol phloretin.

5-(3'-Hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone, a metabolite resulting from the transformation of polyphenols such as (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin by gut microbiota, plays a significant role in biological processes.

urolithin M6 (3,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy urolithin) (UM6) is an ellagitannin metabolite produced by gut microbiota, was identified as a putative galloflavin mimetic

4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (Standard) is the standard substance of 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (parahydroxy phenylacetate) is a major microbiota-derived metabolite of polyphenols. 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid(p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid) is involved in the antioxidative action. 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid(p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid) induces expression of Nrf2.

Stachyose (Standard) is the standard substance of Stachyose, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Stachyose is an oligosaccharide that inhibits the proliferation of vancomycin-resistant enterococci.Stachyose regulates the intestinal microbiota and attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis in mice.

Dihydrodaidzein ((±)-Dihydrodaidzein)-producing bacteria might lead to clarification of some of the mechanisms regulating the production of equol by fecal microbiota.

Kansuiphorin C (KPC) is a natural product with a number of bioactivity. KPC could ameliorate malignant ascites by modulating gut microbiota mainly containing the increase of Lactobacillus and the decrease of Helicobacter and related carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.

10-Oxo-12(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid is a fatty acid metabolite produced by gut microbiota.

Peanut procyanidin A, an A-type proanthocyanidin isolated from peanut skins, protects DU145 prostate cells from H2O2-induced oxidative stress via the MAPKs signaling pathway. This compound mitigates cell cycle arrest and reduces cell death (apoptosis). Additionally, peanut procyanidin A regulates the intestinal microbiota and metabolism in mice with DSS-induced ulcerative colitis.

Asperlin is an orally active marine-derived antibiotic with antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherosclerotic properties. It can induce apoptosis and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage-related G2 M phase arrest, as well as ATM phosphorylation. Additionally, Asperlin effectively prevents HFD-induced obesity in vivo and modulates gut microbiota.