microbial metabolite

Arcyriaflavin A is derived from Eudistoma sp. It inhibits D1-CDK4, B-CDK1 and CaMKII with IC50 values ​​of 0.14μM, 1.13μM and 0.025μM, respectively. Arcyriaflavin A also inhibits HCT-116 and NCI-H460 cells with IC50 values ​​of 0.85μM and 0.59μM, respectively.

Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium (Sodium Ursodeoxycholate) is a naturally occurring secondary bile acid with anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities. Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium acts as signaling molecule, exerting its effects by interacting with bile acid activated receptors,

3-Indoleacrylic acid is a metabolite of tryptophan produced by Peptostreptococcus species. 3-Indoleacrylic acid has a beneficial effect on intestinal epithelial barrier function and mitigates inflammatory responses by immune cells.

Vitamin K (Kephton) has blood coagulation action and is important for coagulation factors, matrix-Gla protein, and osteocalcin.

Vasopressin (argipressin), a cyclic nine-peptide synthesized by hypothalamic neurons, is one of the hormones involved in peptide prohormone synthesis. Vasopressin is involved in the regulation process of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, increasing the amount of solute free water reabsorbed from the renal tubule's colate back into the circulation, narrowing arteries to increase pressure, enhancing the stimulating effect of corticotropin releasing factor to regulate pituitary corticotropin secretion. Vasopressin acts as a neurotransmitter during nerve conduction by binding to specific G-protein-coupled receptors.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline, betaine, and carnitine. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation through the activation of the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. TMAO is commonly used to induce cardiac fibrosis models.

Bestatin (Ubenimex) competitively inhibits many aminopeptidases, including B, N and leucine aminopeptidases. Ubenimex is a microbial metabolite and dipeptide with potential immunomodulatory and antitumor activities. Aminopeptidases has been implicated in the process of cell adhesion and invasion of tumor cells. Therefore, inhibiting aminopeptidases may partially attribute to the antitumor effect of ubenimex. This agent also activates T lymphocyte, macrophage, and bone marrow stem cell as well as stimulates the release of interleukin-1 and -2, thus further enhances its antitumor activity.

Phenylacetylglutamine (NSC 203800)is a normal constituent of human urine, but other mammals such as the dog, cat, rat, monkey, sheep, and horse do not excrete this compound. Phenylacetylglutamine is a major nitrogenous metabolite that accumulates in uremia. Phenylacetylglutamine also is a microbial metabolite found in Christensenellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae.

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (Dehydromucic Acid) is a normal urinary metabolite in humans. 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid is also a microbial metabolite, a product of the oxidation of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by the enzyme furfural/HMF oxidoreductase which is found in the bacterium Cupriavidus basilensis.

4-Ethylphenyl Sulfate is an intestinal microbial metabolite that reduces mature oligodendrocytes and myelin formation in the brain, affects PVT gene expression, and promotes anxiety-like behaviour in mice.

Decoyinine (Decynylene), a selective inhibitor of GMP synthase, is a novel potential microbial insecticide, a secondary metabolite produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.Decoyinine induces resistance in rice to the small brown ladybug Laodelphax striatellus.

Phenylpyropene A is a fungal metabolite originally isolated from P. griseofulvum that has enzyme inhibitory and insecticidal activities.1,2,3 It inhibits acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT; IC50 = 0.8 μM).1 Phenylpyropene A inhibits diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) in rat liver microsomes (IC50 = 78.7 μM). It induces mortality in 100% of M. persicae when used at a concentration of 5 ppm.3 |1. Kwon, O.E., Rho, M.C., Song, H.Y., et al. Phenylpyropene A and B, new inhibitors of acyl-CoA: Cholesterol acyltransferase produced by Penicillium griseofulvum F1959. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 55(11), 1004-1008 (2002).|2. Lee, S.W., Rho, M.C., Choi, J.H., et al. Inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase by phenylpyropenes produced by Penicillium griseofulvum F1959. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18(11), 1785-1788 (2008).|3. Horikoshi, R., Goto, K., Mitomi, M., et al. Identification of pyripyropene A as a promising insecticidal compound in a microbial metabolite screening. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 70(3), 272-276 (2017).

Echinocystic acid 28-O-β-D-glucoside, a metabolite produced through microbial oxidation and glucosidation of Echinocystic acid, demonstrates inhibitory activity against the tissue factor pathway, with an IC50 value of 10.61 nM.

5-aminovalerate (or 5-aminopentanoic acid) is a lysine degradation product. It can be produced both endogenously or through bacterial catabolism of lysine. 5-aminovalerate is formed via the following multi-step reaction: L-lysine leads to cadverine leads

D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium (Sodium D-lactate) is a microbial metabolite and a chiral molecule commonly used in glycolysis-related studies. Among its isomers, the L-isomer is the most prevalent in biological systems.

3-Oxopentanedioic acid (1,3-Acetonedicarboxylic acid) is a simple carboxylic acid, which may be used as a building block in organic chemistry. It has been found to be a microbial metabolite.

Bactobolin A, a microbial metabolite initially derived from Pseudomonas, exhibits both antibiotic and anticancer properties. It demonstrates activity against various bacteria including S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. faecalis, B. anthracis, B. subtilis, E. coli, S. typhi, and S. dysenteriae, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.1 to 12.5 µg/ml. Additionally, in vivo studies show that bactobolin A enhances survival rates at doses of 0.25 to 4 mg/kg in an L1210 murine leukemia model.

Clazamycin A, a microbial metabolite and antibiotic derived from Streptomyces, exhibits efficacy against several bacteria, namely S. aureus, B. anthracis, B. subtilis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 100, 6.25, 100, 50, and 25 µg/ml, respectively.

4-Trehalosamine, a microbial metabolite identified in Streptomyces, exhibits antibiotic properties. Demonstrating efficacy in cup assays, it is active against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and B. subtilis at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/ml.

3-Epideoxycholic Acid is a secondary bile acid, a microbial metabolite of Deoxycholic acid. It targets the FXR receptor on dendritic cells, reducing their immunostimulatory properties, increasing Foxp3 induction, and promoting the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), thereby exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity.

Urolithin C is a gut metabolite of ellagic acid. Urolithin C induces apoptosis in PC12 cells through a mitochondria-mediated pathway.

Lentztrehalose A, a disaccharide microbial metabolite identified in Lentzea, exhibits a range of biological activities. This compound specifically inhibits M. smegmatis trehalase—an enzyme involved in trehalose metabolism—more effectively than trehalase from porcine kidney, with IC50 values of 0.67 mM and >20 mM, respectively. Additionally, Lentztrehalose A at a concentration of 100 mM promotes autophagy in MeWo melanoma and OVK18 ovarian cancer cells. When administered at 50 mg/kg daily, it enhances survival rates and impedes tumor growth in a Sarcoma 180 murine sarcoma model.

Lentztrehalose B, a microbial disaccharide metabolite isolated from Lentzea, exhibits a range of biological activities. At a concentration of 100 µM, it demonstrates antioxidant properties in an oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Furthermore, Lentztrehalose B at 10 mM inhibits porcine kidney trehalase, an enzyme involved in trehalose metabolism. Additionally, it induces autophagy in MeWo melanoma and OVK18 ovarian cancer cells when applied at 100 mM.

3-Methyl Orsellinic Acid is a fungal secondary metabolite that has been identified in Aspergillus terreus. 3-Methyl Orsellinic Acid has been employed as a standard compound in dereplication studies of natural products, facilitating the efficient identification and comparison of structurally similar metabolites across fungal and microbial extracts.