macrophages

1. 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Quinacetophenone) possess anti-anxiety, and neuroprotective qualities. 2. 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Quinacetophenone) reatment can induce a sustained activation of JNK, ERK1 2, and p38 MAPKs, it also can potentiate the pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects of bortezomib in U266 cells. 3. 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Quinacetophenone) has anti-inflammatory activity in activated macrophages, raising the possibility that this compound has a therapeutic potential for inflammatory conditions. 4. 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Quinacetophenone) is an uncompetitive inhibitor of murine tyrosinase (K(I) 0.28mm), it strongly inhibits both melanogenesis and cellular tyrosinase activity in vitro in 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthin-stimulated B16 mouse melanoma cells or in vivo in zebrafish and mouse models.

1. Irisflorentin blocks apoptosis pathways, by exerting its effects by promoting rpn-3 expression to enhance the activity of proteasomes and down-regulating egl-1 expression. 2. Irisflorentin has anti-inflammatory mechanism in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macr

Tormentic acid is a natural product. It has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic , anti-allodynic, and hepatoprotective properties,

Indolelactic acid is a metabolite of tryptophan in Azotobacter vinelandii cultures.

NSC-37445 has anti-tumor activity, such as inhibits growth of bladder tumor cells in a nude mice model , prevents the recurrence and progression of non-muscle-invasive urothelial cell carcinoma. NSC-37445 can significantly reduce the expression of CDK1-inhibitory kinases, Myt1 and Wee1, and cause cyclin B1 protein accumulation leading to CDK1 activation in T24 cells. 3. Flavokawain A (Flavokavain A) may exert anti-inflammatory responses by suppressing LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators via blockage of NF-κB-AP-1-JNK p38 MAPK signaling pathways in the murine macrophages.

Cholesteryl linoleate is the major cholesteryl ester in LDL and atherosclerotic lesions. It is present in LDL as a cholesteryl ester that is oxidized to form cholesteryl linoleate hydroperoxides using LDL receptor-associated proteins that are transferred to the plasma membranes of macrophages and CHO cells expressing 15-lipoxygenase.

Bisdemethoxycurcumin (Curcumin III) is a natural demethoxy derivative of curcumin. It is a potent activator of macrophage phagocytosis, interacting with 1α, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 to stimulate amyloid-β clearance by macrophages (optimal stimulation at 100 nM BDMC) [1]. More stable than curcumin in physiological media, BDMC suppresses proliferation of cancer cells [2]. It down-regulates the transcriptional coactivator p300, suppressing the Wnt β-catenin pathway, and inhibits LPS induction of iNOS expression [3].

(-)-Bornyl acetate (L-(-)-Bornyl acetate) is a less active enantiomer of (+)-Bornyl acetate. Isolated from hyssop oil, it possesses antifungal, highly active whitening, and antioxidant properties, and it has potential applications in cosmeceutical materials. It downregulates proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo, reduces the number of total cells, neutrophils, and macrophages in BALF, attenuates histologic lung alterations, decreases the wet-to-dry weight ratio in BALF, and inhibits the activation of NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha, extracellular regulated protein kinases, c-JunN-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.

Broussochalcone A is a natural antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitor (IC50 = 2.21 μM) that scavenges free radicals, inhibits iron-induced lipid peroxidation, and reduces nitric oxide synthesis in LPS-activated macrophages. Broussochalcone A induces apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells by increasing ROS levels and activating the FOXO3 signaling pathway. Broussochalcone A is also a novel NR4A1 inhibitor that induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through NR4A1-dependent pathways.

Bardoxolone (CDDO) is a synthetic oleanane triterpenoid that blocks the cellular synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase and inducible COX-2 in INF-γ-activated mouse macrophages with an IC50 value of 0.4 nM. By suppressing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS RNS) formation, it promotes the cellular control of ROS RNS levels that would lead to DNA damage associated with tumorigenesis. In various Y cell lines, Bardoxolone has been shown to specifically inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. Mechanism studies revealed that Bardoxolone is a ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and also that it induces genes regulated by Nrf2, including heme oxygenase-1 and eotaxin-1, which play a role in antioxidant response element signaling activity.

Mogroside V is a widely used sweetener, has in vitro AMPK activating effect, it also has anti-inflammatory potential in murine macrophages and a murine ear edema model, and has the potential to protect against LPS-induced airway inflammation in a model of ALI. Mogroside V has antioxidant properties and possesses tumor growth inhibitory activity in pancreatic cancer models.

Platycodin D may stimulate TNF-α synthesis or inhibit degradation of TNF-α mRNA. Platycodin D (10 30 μM) suppresses prostaglandin E2 production in rat peritoneal macrophages stimulated by the protein kinase C activator 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Platycodin D and D3 are useful as expectorant agents in the treatment of various airway diseases, they can increase mucin release from rat and hamster tracheal surface epithelial cell culture and also from intact rat trachea upon nebulization.

1. Licochalcone B (LCB) inhibits the proliferation of human malignant bladder cancer cell lines (T24 and EJ) in vitro and antitumor activity in vivo in MB49 (murine bladder cancer cell line) tumor model. 2. LCB and Licochalcone D(LCD) significantly reduce

1. β-Anhydroicaritin exhibits immunosuppressive effect on the mouse macrophages stimulated by LPS. 2. β-Anhydroicaritin phytosomes can inhibit enhanced bone turnover induced by ovariectomy, improve BMD the biomechanical properties of vertebrae, without any stimulation on uterus. 3. β-Anhydroicaritin possesses significant protective effects on the zymosan-induced peritonitis mice, which might be associated with the regulation of Ca(2+); influx in macrophages and iNOS expression.

Polygalacin D shows anti- proliferation, anti-inflammary, and hepatoprotective activities, it can inhibit the expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced iNOS and COX-2 protein and mRNA without an appreciable cytotoxic effect on RAW 264.7 macrophages, and can suppress induction by LPS of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).

Gordonoside I, a compound isolated from the stem of Chrysanthemum officinale, strongly inhibited the production of nitric oxide in LPS-activated macrophages with an IC50 value of 0.14 μM.

Ergolide, a sesquiterpene lactone extracted from the dried flowers of Inula Britannica, effectively hinders the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages by deactivating NF-κB.

Penicillic acid, a polyketide mycotoxin, synthesized by various species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, acts as an inhibitor of Fas ligand-induced apoptosis by impeding self-processing of caspase-8. Additionally, in vitro studies have shown that Penicillic acid displays cytotoxic properties in rat alveolar macrophages.

Resolvin D1 (RvD1) is an endogenous pro-inflammatory mediator that blocks pro-inflammatory neutrophil migration by regulating actin polymerization, reduces TNF-α-mediated inflammation in macrophages, and enhances macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.

3-Phosphoglyceric acid is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and the Calvin cycle, and it is also involved in alveolar macrophage epigenetic regulation.

Bryononic acid is a new cucurbitane-type triterpenoid. Bryonolic acid transcriptional control of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant genes in macrophages in vitro and in vivo.

Acanthoic acid is a pimaradiene diterpene isolated from Acanthopanax koreanum with anti-inflammatory activities. Acanthoic acid downregulates LPS-induced IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α production in BALF, attenuates lung histopathologic changes, and inhibits infla

Manzamine A is a GSK-3 inhibitor and vacuolar ATPase uncoupler found in marine sponges. It inhibits autophagy and tumor growth in cancer models, suppresses foam cell formation in macrophages, prevents growth of gram negative and gram positive bacteria, an

24-Methylenecholesterol (24 Methylenecholesterol) is a natural marine sterol, which stimulates cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) in human macrophages.