ganglion

Dermorphin is agonist of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist.

Dermorphin TFA is a new class of opioids-like peptides

VIP(6-28)(human, rat, porcine, bovine) acetate is an antagonist of the actions of exogenous vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor on cAMP in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG).

α-Conotoxin Vc1.1 TFA is a peptide isolated from Conus victoriae and a selective nAChR antagonist that inhibits α3α5β2, α3β2 and α3β4, reversing mechanical allodynia in neuropathic pain models and can be used to study neuropathic chronic pain. α-Conotoxin Vc1.1 TFA inhibits human dorsal root ganglion nerve excitability and mouse colon nociception via GABA(B) receptors.

ShK toxin, isolated from the Caribbean sea anemone (Stichodactyla helianthus), is an inhibitor of the voltage-dependent potassium channel (Kv1.3 channel). It competes with dendrotoxin I and α-dendrotoxin in binding to rat brain synaptosomal membranes and promotes acetylcholine release. Additionally, ShK toxin reduces K+ currents in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation [1] [2].

Jingzhaotoxin-V is a peptide that suppresses potassium currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes with an IC50 of 604.2 nM, while targeting both tetrodotoxin-resistant and tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons with IC50 values of 27.6 nM and 30.2 nM, respectively [1].

CSD-CH2(1,8)-NH2 is a selective and competitive kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist with a K i of 6.8 nM. It inhibits calcium mobilization in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and counters the antinociceptive effect of U50,488, making it useful for research into neuropsychiatric disorders [1].

Jingzhaotoxin-V, a 29-residue polypeptide from Chilobrachys jingzhao spider venom, selectively inhibits tetrodotoxin-resistant and tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, with IC50 values of 27.6 nM and 30.2 nM, respectively. Furthermore, it suppresses Kv4.2 potassium currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes, with an IC50 of 604.2 nM [1].

Jingzhaotoxin-34, a 35-residue neurotoxic polypeptide, selectively inhibits tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons with an IC50 of approximately 85 nM and exerts negligible influence on tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) sodium currents [1].

ω-Conotoxin MVIID (SNX-238) is a peptide from the Conus genus that inhibits the ω-Conotoxin-GVIA-sensitive, high-threshold calcium (Ca 2+) current in fish retinal ganglion cells [1].

ω-Conotoxin CVIB is an antagonist of non-selective N- and P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). It inhibits depolarization-activated whole-cell VGCC currents in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, exhibiting a pIC50 of 7.64 [1].

mHuwentoxin-IV, a naturally modified form of Huwentoxin-IV, selectively inhibits tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) voltage-gated sodium channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons with an IC50 value of 54.16 nM. Notably, the inhibitory effect of mHuwentoxin-IV on these sodium channels is unaffected by strong depolarization voltages [1].

Tat-AKAP79 (326-336) is a peptide that links the HIV-1 Tat protein transduction domain with an 11-amino acid sequence from A-kinase anchor protein 79 (AKAP79). This compound effectively inhibits the activation-induced sensitization by protein kinase A (PKA) or PKC of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) at a concentration of 200 µM in isolated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Additionally, it mitigates nocifensive behavior in mice elicited by formalin or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA014), enhances latency for paw withdrawal from radiant heat, and raises the mechanical threshold force required for paw withdrawal in a carrageenan-induced mouse model of inflammatory pain.

Tat-CBD3 is a chemical compound inhibiting the interaction between the N-type voltage-gated calcium channel Cav2.2 and collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2), as well as the interaction between CRMP2 and the NMDA receptor NR2B subunit. At a concentration of 10 µM, Tat-CBD3 reduces the Cav2.2-CRMP2 interaction by 43% in cell-free assays and impedes the NMDA receptor NR2B subunit-CRMP2 interaction in immunoprecipitation assays. It lowers voltage-induced calcium currents by about 60% in primary rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and decreases glutamate-induced cytosolic calcium level rises in primary rat hippocampal neurons. When administered at 20 mg/kg, Tat-CBD3 lessens infarct volume in a rat model of cerebral ischemia following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Additionally, intrathecal delivery of Tat-CBD3 at a dose of 20 µg/5 µl mitigates carrageenan-induced thermal hypersensitivity in rats.

Myr-Tat-CBD3 is a chemical compound that serves as an inhibitor of the protein-protein interaction between the N-type voltage-gated calcium channel Cav2.2 and collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2). This compound effectively disrupts the Cav2.2-CRMP2 interaction by about 81% at a 10 µM concentration and demonstrates an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) value of approximately 2.8 µM against potassium-induced calcium influx in primary rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Furthermore, at a concentration of 20 µM, Myr-Tat-CBD3 specifically inhibits calcium currents without affecting sodium currents in primary DRG neurons. Additionally, intrathecal administration of 20 µg/5 µl of Myr-Tat-CBD3 effectively mitigates carrageenan-induced declines in paw withdrawal latencies in rats, indicating its potential for pain relief. The compound also notably reduces cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats, suggesting therapeutic potential in addiction treatment.

Vanilloid TRPV1 (VR1) receptor antagonist peptide (IC50 ~ 0.1 μM); blocks Ca2+ currents in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Analgesic in vivo.

Potent and reversible Kv3.4 potassium channel blocker (IC50 = 47 nM); also attenuates inactivation of sodium currents by acting on Nav1.7 and Nav1.3 channels. Enhances TTX-sensitive sodium currents in rat small dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neuroprotective.

Neurotensin-related hexapeptide exists in retinal ganglion cells and in their central projections in pigeons and may be utilized as a neuroactive substance by the central terminals of numerous retinal ganglion cells in birds.

TAT-CBD3A6K is a modified TAT-CBD3 peptide. It reduces T-type and R-type voltage-dependent calcium currents in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. By inhibiting CRMP-2-mediated enhancement of T-type and R-type calcium channel function, TAT-CBD3A6K exhibits anti-nociceptive effects in models of AIDS-induced peripheral neuropathy.

L803 is a selective somatostatin receptor type 4 (SST4) agonist that can inhibit L-type calcium channel currents (ICa). It holds potential for research into degenerative diseases of retinal ganglion cells (RGC), such as glaucoma.