disulfide bonds

Edetic acid (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is a chelating agent commonly used in protein purification, both to eliminate contaminating divalent cations and to inhibit protease activity.

Butyl disulfide is an organic compound that contains disulfide bonds and is used in organic synthesis and biochemical experiments.

L-Glutathione reduced (Glutathione) is a naturally occurring tripeptide found in cells as an endogenous antioxidant that scavenges oxygen free radicals. L-Glutathione reduced is a cofactor for certain enzymes and is involved in the rearrangement of protein disulfide bonds and the reduction of peroxides.

Activator of protein kinase C; attached to cell permeabilization Antennapedia domain vector peptide. Consists of peptide derived from the C2 domain of PKC β linked by a disulfide bridge to the Antennapedia domain vector peptide. The Antennapedia peptide i

Tertiapin (reduced) is a synthetic bee venom peptide characterized by disulfide bonds between Cys3-Cys14 and Cys5-Cys18. It acts as an inhibitor of inward-rectifying potassium channels (potassium Channel) and can also block the activity of calcium-activated large conductance potassium channels. Tertiapin (reduced) is utilized in research related to diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

(±)-trans-1,2-Bis(2-mercaptoacetamido)cyclohexane (BMC) is a cyclohexane with two mercaptoacetamido groups. It is used, both in vitro and in vivo, to promote the correct folding of proteins that require disulfide bonds for functionality. For in vitro applications, BMC may be used to facilitate protein refolding of solubilized proteins from inclusion bodies. Reducing agents, like dithiothreitol, may interfere with refolding. BMC may also be added to the growth medium of cells, including yeast cells, to enhance the folding of proteins with disulfide bonds in vivo.

Calciseptine, a neurotoxin isolated from the Black Mamba (Dendroaspis p. polylepis) venom, comprises 60 amino acids and is stabilized by four disulfide bonds. It specifically targets and blocks L-type calcium channels [1].

Immunoglobulin light chain variable region fragment [Homo sapiens]/[Mus musculus] is a fragment on the variable region of the human and mouse immunoglobulin light chain. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are the antigen recognition molecules of B cells. An Ig molecule

DST crosslinker(disuccinimide tartarate) is an isotype bifunctional, cleavable crosslinker (cleavable by an oxidizer) for applications that require crosslinking cleavability and that do not interfere with protein disulfide bonds with reducing agents.

EDTA tetrasodium tetrahydrate is a metal chelator known for its ability to bind with divalent and trivalent metal cations, including calcium. It exhibits antihypercalcemic and anticoagulant properties. This compound reduces metal ion-catalyzed oxidative damage to proteins and maintains a reducing environment during protein purification processes, making it commonly used for protein purification and storage. Additionally, it helps in minimizing the formation of disulfide bonds.

Endotoxin Inhibitor acetate has a strong blocking effect on bacterial physiological activity, thus producing antibacterial toxin Inhibitor sequences with disulfide bonds and a large amount of lysine. Endotoxin Inhibitor acetate is more likely to exert phy

Immunoglobulin M heavy chain (IGHM) fragment [Homo sapiens] is a fragment (Gly-Val-Ala-Leu-His-Arg-Pro-Asp-Val-Tyr-Leu-Leu-Pro-Pro-Ala-Arg) on the human immunoglobulin micro heavy chain. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are the antigen recognition molecules of B cell

DM3-SMe, a maytansine derivative and tubulin inhibitor, acts as the cytotoxic component in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). It can bind to antibodies through disulfide bonds or stable thioether bonds and demonstrates high in vitro cytotoxic activity with an IC50 of 0.0011.

DM4-SMe is a cytotoxic part of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and a metabolite of antibody-maytansin conjugates (AMCs) and tubulin inhibitors, which can also be stabilized by disulfide bonds or thioether The bond binds to the antibody. The IC50 of DM4-SM

SPDP is a short-chain crosslinker, which is used for amine-to-sulfhydryl conjugation via NHS-ester and pyridyldithiol reactive groups that form cleavable (reducible) disulfide bonds with cysteine sulfhydryls. SPDP could activate equal amounts of anti-CD11

BACE-IN-1 acetate (BACE-IN-1 acetate (350228-37-4,Free base)) has been used as β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) inhibitor in BACE1 inhibitor assay. β-Site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1), an aspartic protease belongs to the protease family of enzymes comprises of six luminal cysteine residues. These residues help in the formation of three intermolecular disulfide bonds and N-linked glycosylation sites.

DM4-SPDP, a drug-linker conjugate, integrates the antitubulin agent DM4 with the linker SMCC, facilitating the creation of antibody drug conjugates[1]. Additionally, SPDP serves as a short-chain crosslinker enabling amine-to-sulfhydryl conjugation, leveraging NHS-ester and pyridyldithiol groups to establish cleavable (reducible) disulfide bonds with cysteine sulfhydryls[2][3].

BAMEAO16B is a lipid nanoparticle that incorporates disulfide bonds for efficient delivery of Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA into cells. In the intracellular environment, BAMEAO16B responds to reduction by releasing RNA, facilitating genome editing. This compound is valuable for gene editing research purposes.

Epsilon-V1-2, a Cys-conjugated, is a biologically active peptide known as the εPKC-specific inhibitor. It hampers εPKC functionality by obstructing its translocation and the phosphorylation of MARCKS, additionally perturbing εPKC's interaction with its anchoring protein, εRACK. The peptide includes a cysteine residue at its C-terminus, facilitating the formation of potential disulfide bonds with carrier proteins. Pyroglutamyl formation can occur spontaneously at the N-terminus if glutamine or glutamic acid is present, enhancing peptide stability against gastrointestinal proteases. Pyroglutamyl peptides, a recognized subset, are accounted for in the peptide's purity during HPLC analysis.

Farletuzumab ecteribulin (MORAb-202) is a highly cytotoxic antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting human folate receptor alpha (FRA). This ADC comprises the humanized Farletuzumab antibody linked to Mal-PEG2-Val-Cit-PAB-eribulin through reduced interchain disulfide bonds, with an agent-to-antibody ratio of 4.0, demonstrating potent antitumor activity against FRA-positive cells in vitro.

80-O16B, an ionizable cationic lipid featuring disulfide bonds, is utilized in the preparation of lipid nanoparticles (LNP) [1].

GsAF-1, a peptide toxin with three disulfide bonds, is derived from the venom of the Chilean pink tarantula and has potential applications in the research of moderate-to-severe pain [1].

1-Thioglycerol, widely utilized as a reducing agent in protein chemistry and molecular biology, serves to safeguard proteins against oxidation and denaturation by reducing disulfide bonds to their thiol bases for subsequent modification or analysis. Additionally, its exploration in medical applications comprises its potential as a cystic fibrosis inhibitor to enhance lung cell function. It also finds application in the preparation of metal nanoparticles and as a stabilizer in specific pharmaceutical formulations.