cytotoxin

Daunorubicin hydrochloride (Rubidomycin hydrochloride), an anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic, inhibits DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis.

Paclitaxel (Taxol) is a natural product and a microtubule polymer stabilizer. Paclitaxel has anti-tumor activity and causes cell death by inducing mitotic arrest, apoptosis, and cell autophagy.

Doxorubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline antibiotic with cytotoxic and antitumor activity. It is an effective inhibitor of human DNA topoisomerase I and II, with IC50 values of 0.8 μM and 2.67 μM, respectively. In addition to inhibiting DNA topoisomerases, it can reduce the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target, acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Doxorubicin hydrochloride also induces apoptosis and autophagy. In animal studies, it is commonly used to induce models of acute renal failure, chronic kidney injury, and heart failure.

Camptothecin (CPT) belongs to the alkaloid group of natural products and is a specific DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibitor (IC50=679 nM) with specificity. Camptothecin has antitumor activity and induces apoptosis.

DL-Glyceraldehyde (Glyceric aldehyde) is produced from the action of the enzyme glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase, which converts glycerol to glyceraldehyde using NADP as a cofactor. When present at sufficiently high levels, DL-Glyceraldehyde can be a cytotoxin and a mutagen. A cytotoxin is a compound that kills cells. A mutagen is a compound that causes mutations in DNA. DL-Glyceraldehyde is a highly reactive compound that can modify and cross-link proteins. DL-Glyceraldehyde modified proteins appear to be cytotoxic, depress intracellular glutathione levels, and induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (PMID: 14981296 ). DL-Glyceraldehyde has been shown to cause chromosome damage to human cells in culture and is mutagenic in the Ames bacterial test.

Methyl indole-3-carboxylate (Methyl 3-indolecarboxylate) is a natural product isolated from Heracleum candicans.

Polyketomycin, a tetracyclic quinone glycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces sp. or Streptomyces diastatochromogenes, exhibits antibacterial, anticancer, and antimalarial activities.

Tubulysin D is a tetrapeptide isolated from the myxobacterial species Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis, and displays potent antitumor activity.

Tubulysin C is a natural product isolated from the myxobacterial species Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis, and is a highly cytotoxic peptide.

Tubulysin E is a natural product isolated from the myxobacterial species Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis, and is a highly cytotoxic peptide.

Tubulysin F is a natural product isolated from the myxobacterial species Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis, and is a highly cytotoxic peptide. Tubulysin F is a cytotoxic activity tubulysin that inhibits tubulin polymerization and leads to ce

Tubulysin G is a natural product isolated from the myxobacterial species Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis, and is a highly cytotoxic peptide. Tubulysin G is a cytotoxic activity tubulysin that inhibits tubulin polymerization and leads to ce

Tubulysin H is a natural product isolated from the myxobacterial species Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis, and is a highly cytotoxic peptide. Tubulysin H is a cytotoxic activity tubulysin that inhibits tubulin polymerization and leads to ce

Tubulysin I is a natural product isolated from the myxobacterial species Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis, and is a highly cytotoxic peptide. Tubulysin I is a cytotoxic activity tubulysin which inhibits tubulin polymerization and leads to c

Tubulysin M is a natural product isolated from the myxobacterial species Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis, and is a highly cytotoxic peptide. Tubulysin M is a cytotoxic activity tubulysin that inhibits tubulin polymerization and leads to ce

Daunorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic and topoisomerase II inhibitor with anticancer activity, inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis, and is commonly used to treat acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL).

Rebeccamycin is an antitumor antibiotic+ inhibits DNA topoisomerase I. Rebeccamycin appears to exert its primary antineoplastic effect by poisoning topoisomerase I. It also has a negligible effect on protein kinase C and topoisomerase II.

Ansamitocin p-3 (Maytansinol isobutyrate) is an inhibitor of microtubule with IC50 of 3.4 μM for tubulin polymerization.

Hemiasterlin is a cytotoxic peptide that acts by inducing mitotic arrest and abnormal spindle formation.

Swinholide A is a polyketone compound that can be extracted from sponges and binds to actin to dimerize actin with Kd of about 50 nM. Swinholide A is a cytotoxin that stabilizes actin dimers and severs actin filaments. Swinholide A has antifungal activity and can damage the actin cytoskeleton of cells.

Hygrolidin is a macrocyclic lactone originally isolated from S. hygroscopicus. It inhibits proliferation of a variety of cancer cell lines, including DLD-1 colon cancer, LNCaP prostate cancer, and K562 leukemia cells (IC50s = 2.9, 5.2, and 33 ng ml, respectively). Hygrolidin induces the expression and levels of p21 in DLD-1 cells, but not WI-38 fibroblasts, and leads to cell accumulation in the G1 and S phases without inducing apoptosis. It has antiparasitic activity against T. cruzi, L. donovani, and T. b. brucei but also induces cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells (IC50s = 1.1, 72.5, 77, and 24.5 nM, respectively).

Aeruginosin 865, a compound extracted from the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. Luke ová 30 93, represents the inaugural aeruginosin-type peptide to incorporate a fatty acid and a carbohydrate moiety. It functions by inhibiting the translocation of NF-kB to the nucleus, thereby exerting an anti-inflammatory effect.

γ-Amanitin, an ADC (antibody-drug conjugate) cytotoxin isolated from mushrooms, inhibits RNA polymerase II, disrupting mRNA synthesis. It exhibits effects akin to those of α-Amanitin and β-Amanitin.

ε-Amanitin is a cyclic peptide obtained from various mushroom species. It exhibits a strong affinity for RNA polymerase II and effectively inhibits its activity.