cytotoxin

Daunorubicin hydrochloride (Rubidomycin hydrochloride), an anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic, inhibits DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis.

Paclitaxel (Taxol) is a natural product and a microtubule polymer stabilizer. Paclitaxel has anti-tumor activity and causes cell death by inducing mitotic arrest, apoptosis, and cell autophagy.

Maytansinol (Ansamitocin P-0) inhibits microtubule assembly and causes microtubule disassembly in vitro.

Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) belongs to the anthracycline class of antibiotics and is an inhibitor of human DNA topoisomerase I II (IC50=0.8 2.67 μM). Doxorubicin hydrochloride exhibits cytotoxicity and antitumor activity. Doxorubicin hydrochloride reduces the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target protein acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, and induces apoptosis and autophagy.

Methyl indole-3-carboxylate (Methyl 3-indolecarboxylate) is a natural product isolated from Heracleum candicans.

Camptothecin (CPT) belongs to the alkaloid group of natural products and is a specific DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibitor (IC50=679 nM) with specificity. Camptothecin has antitumor activity and induces apoptosis.

SN-38 (NK012) is the active metabolite of Irinotecan, a DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibitor, which inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis (IC50=0.077 1.3 μM). SN-38 has antitumor activity and induces autophagy.

Ansamitocin p-3 (Maytansinol isobutyrate) is an inhibitor of microtubule with IC50 of 3.4 μM for tubulin polymerization.

Hemiasterlin is a cytotoxic peptide that acts by inducing mitotic arrest and abnormal spindle formation.

Hygrolidin is a macrocyclic lactone originally isolated from S. hygroscopicus. It inhibits proliferation of a variety of cancer cell lines, including DLD-1 colon cancer, LNCaP prostate cancer, and K562 leukemia cells (IC50s = 2.9, 5.2, and 33 ng ml, respectively). Hygrolidin induces the expression and levels of p21 in DLD-1 cells, but not WI-38 fibroblasts, and leads to cell accumulation in the G1 and S phases without inducing apoptosis. It has antiparasitic activity against T. cruzi, L. donovani, and T. b. brucei but also induces cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells (IC50s = 1.1, 72.5, 77, and 24.5 nM, respectively).

Tubulysin E is a natural product isolated from the myxobacterial species Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis, and is a highly cytotoxic peptide.

Luisol A, an aromatic tetraol and anthraquinone antibiotic analog, serves as a significant metabolite produced by an estuarine marine actinomycete from the genus Streptomyces. Additionally, it functions as an ADC (Antibody-Drug Conjugate) cytotoxin [1].

1. 7-Ethylcamptothecin has the superior antitumor activity than CPT. (a). 7-Ethylcamptothecin has a stronger growth-inhibiting activity against tumor cells. (b). 7-Ethylcamptothecin remains in the intestinal tract for a longer time and in higher amounts when administered in vivo.

10-Methoxycamptothecin, a natural bioactive derivative of camptothecin (CPT) isolated from *Camptotheca acuminata*, exhibits potent anti-cancer properties.

Tubulysin C is a natural product isolated from the myxobacterial species Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis, and is a highly cytotoxic peptide.

Agrochelin, an alkaloid cytotoxic antibiotic, is synthesized via fermentation of a marine Agrobacterium sp. This compound demonstrates cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines.

Tubulysin F is a natural product isolated from the myxobacterial species Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis, and is a highly cytotoxic peptide. Tubulysin F is a cytotoxic activity tubulysin that inhibits tubulin polymerization and leads to ce

Diacetyl Agrochelin, an acetyl derivative of Agrochelin, is a compound synthesized through the fermentation of marine Agrobacterium sp. It possesses cytotoxic properties against tumor cell lines.

Tubulysin D is a tetrapeptide isolated from the myxobacterial species Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis, and displays potent antitumor activity.

7-Epi 10-desacetyl paclitaxel (10-Deacetyl-7-epipaclitaxel) shows IC50 values of 0.085 nM, against HeLa cells.

DL-Glyceraldehyde (Glyceric aldehyde) is produced from the action of the enzyme glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase, which converts glycerol to glyceraldehyde using NADP as a cofactor. When present at sufficiently high levels, DL-Glyceraldehyde can be a cytotoxin and a mutagen. A cytotoxin is a compound that kills cells. A mutagen is a compound that causes mutations in DNA. DL-Glyceraldehyde is a highly reactive compound that can modify and cross-link proteins. DL-Glyceraldehyde modified proteins appear to be cytotoxic, depress intracellular glutathione levels, and induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (PMID: 14981296 ). DL-Glyceraldehyde has been shown to cause chromosome damage to human cells in culture and is mutagenic in the Ames bacterial test.

Aeruginosin 865, a compound extracted from the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. Luke ová 30 93, represents the inaugural aeruginosin-type peptide to incorporate a fatty acid and a carbohydrate moiety. It functions by inhibiting the translocation of NF-kB to the nucleus, thereby exerting an anti-inflammatory effect.

Tubulysin H is a natural product isolated from the myxobacterial species Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis, and is a highly cytotoxic peptide. Tubulysin H is a cytotoxic activity tubulysin that inhibits tubulin polymerization and leads to ce

Tubulysin I is a natural product isolated from the myxobacterial species Archangium geophyra and Angiococcus disciformis, and is a highly cytotoxic peptide. Tubulysin I is a cytotoxic activity tubulysin which inhibits tubulin polymerization and leads to c