cytokines

2'-FUCOSYLLACTOSE (2'-Fucosyl-D-lactose) is a fucose-containing oligosaccharide.

Resiniferatoxin ((+)-Resiniferatoxin) is a highly potent synthetic TRPV1 agonist that inhibits the production of Th1 cytokines and has anti-inflammatory activity, reducing serum levels of IL-12, INF-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, NO, and PGE.

2',3'-cGAMP sodium (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP sodium) is a second messenger in cellular innate immunity, catalyzed by cGAMP synthase (cGAS) under DNA binding conditions. It binds to STING to form a dimer, inducing the production and expression of interferon-β and other cytokines.

Menthone has anti-inflammary activity,, it can suppress the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha),as well as nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kB).

(-)-Bornyl acetate (L-(-)-Bornyl acetate) is a less active enantiomer of (+)-Bornyl acetate. Isolated from hyssop oil, it possesses antifungal, highly active whitening, and antioxidant properties, and it has potential applications in cosmeceutical materials. It downregulates proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo, reduces the number of total cells, neutrophils, and macrophages in BALF, attenuates histologic lung alterations, decreases the wet-to-dry weight ratio in BALF, and inhibits the activation of NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha, extracellular regulated protein kinases, c-JunN-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.

1. Berberine (Umbellatine) is a potent oral hypoglycemic agent with beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. 2. Berberine may as a broad-spectrum anti-microbial medicine, a complementary therapeutic agent for HIV AIDS. 3. Berberine seems to act as an herbal antidepressant and a neuroprotector against neurodegenerative disorders. 4. Berberine is used in histology for staining heparin in mast cells. As a natural dye, berberine has a colour index of 7516. 5. Berberine reduces hepatic fat content in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; also prevents proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are central for the development of fibrosis during liver injury. 6. Berberine can ameliorate proinflammatory cytokines-induced intestinal epithelial tight junction damage in vitro, and berberine may be one of the targeted therapeutic agents that can restore barrier function in intestinal disease states. 7. Berberine has antineoplastic effects, including breast cancer, leukemia, melanoma, epidermoid carcinoma, hepatoma, pancreatic cancer, oral carcinoma, tongue carcinoma, glioblastoma, prostate carcinoma and gastric carcinoma, etc.

1. Methyl eugenol (4-allylveratrole) is a natural constituent of the essential oils of a number of plants widely used in foodstuffs as flavouring agents, in view of the carcinogenic potential of ME, the need to check its presence in food products with effective analytical methods. 2. Methyleugenol has insecticidal properties. 3. Methyleugenol can inhibit the production of nitric oxide and decreased the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, it down-regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ischemic brain as well as in immunostimulated mixed glial cells; indicates that methyleugenol could be useful for the treatment of ischemia inflammation-related diseases. 4. Methyleugenol has cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. 5. Intravenous (i.v.) treatment with methyleugenol (ME) in either anesthetized or conscious rats elicits hypotension, an effect that seems related to an active vascular relaxation rather than withdrawal of sympathetic tone. 6. Methyleugenol has antinociceptive effect on the second phase of formalin-induced pain, may be due to the inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor-mediated hyperalgesia via GABA(A) receptors. 7. Methyleugenol has elaxant and antispasmodic actions on guinea-pig isolated ileum.

Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride (Acetyl L-carnitine hydrochloride) is a nutritional supplement composed of the hydrochloride salt form of the acetylated form of the endogenously produced L-carnitine, with potential neuroprotective, cognitive-enhancing, anti-depressive and immunomodulating activities. It may also relieve peripheral neuropathy induced by chemotherapy, diabetes or other diseases. In addition, acetyl-L-carnitine may modulate the immune response by increasing T-lymphocytes maturation and may downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. It may also disrupt the ACE2 signaling pathway and inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

1. Linalool (Linalol), a natural compound of the essential oils, has been shown to have antinociceptive, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. 2. Linalool was protected against LPS GalN-induced liver injury through induction of antioxidant defense via Nrf2 activating and reduction inflammatory response via NF-κB inhibition. 3. Linalool biosynthesis and accumulation might be involved in plant defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens and be associated with field resistance to citrus canker. 4. Linalool significantly increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes regulated by Nrf-2 and diminished lung tissue levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6.

Ginsenoside-F3 has immunoenhancing activity by regulating production and gene expression of type 1, type 2 cytokines in murine spleen cells. Ginsenoside-F3 enhances the NF-kappaB DNA binding activity induced by ConA in murine spleen cells (10 μM).

Asperulosidic acid (ASPA) has anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. ASPA is related to the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and mediators via suppression of the NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways.

Polygalasaponin F has anti-neuroinflammatory activity, can inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and NO induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and reduce the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthases. Polygalasaponin F can significantly i

1. Poncirin (Isosakuranetin-7-neohesperidoside) shows a significant in vitro inhibitory effect on the growth of the human gastric cancer cells, SGC-791, in a dose-dependent manner. 2. Poncirin prevents adipogenesis, enhances osteoblast differentiation in mesenchymal stem cellsincreased bone mineral density, and improves trabecular microarchitecture likely reflect increases bone formation and decreases bone resorption in GIO mice.

1. Atractylenolide-I has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting TNF-α and IL-6 production; ameliorates sepsis syndrome, liver and kidney functions by reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and LPS. 2. Atractylenolide-I significantly sensitizes the res

Polygalacin D shows anti- proliferation, anti-inflammary, and hepatoprotective activities, it can inhibit the expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced iNOS and COX-2 protein and mRNA without an appreciable cytotoxic effect on RAW 264.7 macrophages, and can suppress induction by LPS of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).

2',3'-cGAMP (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP) is a second messenger in cellular innate immunity, catalyzed by cGAMP synthase (cGAS) under DNA binding conditions. It binds to STING to form a dimer, inducing the production and expression of interferon-β and other cytokines.

Eucalyptol, a natural monoterpenoid and cyclic ether found in eucalyptus species, effectively controls excessive airway mucus secretion and asthma by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. It serves as an efficacious treatment for non-purulent sinusitis, reducing inflammation and pain when applied topically, and demonstrating leukemic cell-killing capabilities in vitro.

Macluraxanthone (3-Hydroxyblancoxanthone) has many biological activities including anticholinesterase, antioxidant, anticancer, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. macluraxanthone promotes the polarization of M1-like pro-inflammatory macrophages by increasing the percentage of macrophages expressing CD86 while decreasing their expression of CD14, CD11b and CD80. Macluraxanthone significantly reduced the production of TNF-α and IL-10 cytokines in the presence of the pro-inflammatory stimulant lipopolysaccharide.

Liquiritin apioside has antioxidant property by inducing glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis via the inhibition of cytokines and protected lung epithelial cells against cigarette smoke-mediated oxidative stress, might be as protective agent against epithelial

Tirotundin is a PPARα γ dual agonist, it exerts anti-diabetic effect through PPARγ pathway. It shows anti-inflammatory activity, it inhibits inhibit the activation of NF-kappa B, thereby, the synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemo

Pseudocoptisine chloride (Isocoptisine chloride) is isolated from Corydalis Tuber with anti-inflammatory and anti-amnestic properties. Pseudocoptisine chloride inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (IC50 = 12.8 μM).

Preleoheterin (Compound 3), a labdane diterpene isolated from L. japonicus [1], exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-activated macrophages without inducing cytotoxicity at certain concentrations [2].

Lupinalbin A as the most potent estrogen receptor α- and aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist in Eriosema laurentii de Wild. (Leguminosae). It exerts anti-inflammatory effects via the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and blocking of IFN-β STAT1 pathw

Talaromyketide B is a polyketide compound identified in the soil bacterium Talaromyces sp. KYS-41, known for its anti-inflammatory properties. It inhibits the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and can dose-dependently suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, as well as the transcriptional activity of inflammatory mediators [including iNOS and COX-2]. Talaromyketide B shows promise for research in the fields of immunity and inflammatory diseases.