crops

D-Phenothrin ((-)-trans-Phenothrin) is a type II synthetic pyrethroid extensively employed in veterinary medicine for pest control on animals, crop protection, and the elimination of insects, mosquitoes, and human lice.

Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl is a post-emergent phenoxy herbicide utilized in the cultivation of specific cereal crops including wheat, durum wheat, rye, triticale, and barley for the targeted control of annual monocotyledonous weed species.

Nicosulfuron (Milagro) is a pesticide that works by inhibiting the acetolactate synthase enzyme. Nicosulfuron has not been found to induce mutagenic or carcinogenic effects. Nicosulfuron is a herbicide to protect corn crops from weeds.

Chlorotoluron (Dicuran) is a pheylurea herbicide. Chlorotoluron has been used to control the growth of broad-leaved weeds in winter wheat, rye, barley, and triticale crops.

Mecoprop (Mecoturf), also known as 2,4-D, is a selective pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicide used on various crops.

Oxyfluorfen (Boxer), a herbicide of the nitrodiphenyl ether class, is used to control annual and perennial broad-leaved weeds and sedges in a variety of field crops.

Chlormequat chloride (EI 38,555), a plant growth regulator, is widely applied in agriculture because it can promote sturdier growth of the crops.

Maleic hydrazide is a plant growth regulator and germination inhibitor that participates in nucleic acid metabolism pathways within plants, thereby inhibiting cell division in the apical meristem.

Fludioxonil (CGA 173506), a phenylpyrrole fungicide, inhibits the growth of B. cinerea from strawberry and blackberry crops.

Metribuzin (4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5 (4H)-one) is a selective triazinone herbicide applied in both pre- and post-emergence agricultural practices for the control of weeds in a variety of crops including soybeans, potatoes, tomatoes, and sugar cane, which functions by inhibiting the photosynthetic process through the specific disruption of the electron transport chain within photosystem II, and its extensive use has resulted in its classification as a persistent environmental contaminant frequently detected in groundwater sources.

Buprofezin (Applaud) is an insecticide used for control of insect pests such as mealybugs, leafhoppers and whitefly on vegetable crops.

Fenobucarb is a broad-spectrum carbamate insecticide and AChE inhibitor primarily used to control various flukes damaging crops. It exhibits neurotoxicity to zebrafish foetal development and induces muscle spasms and paralysis in insects, fish, and mammals.

Boscalid is a broad-spectrum carboxamide fungicide that inhibits fungal respiration by binding to the ubiquinone site of mitochondrial complex II succinate dehydrogenase.1It suppresses mycelial growth ofS. minorby 87 to 100% and ofS. sclerotiorumby 77 to 100% when used at a concentration of 1 μg ml.2In field studies, boscalid applied at 5.6 μg cm2provides 55.5 and 30.4% disease control for lettuce drop caused byS. minorandS. sclerotiorum, respectively. It decreases cell viability of mouse primary cortical neurons following long-term exposure but is not cytotoxic (LC50= >100 μM for acute and continuous exposure). Formulations containing boscalid have been used in agriculture to prevent fungal growth on crops. 1.Wang, Y., Duan, Y., Wang, J., et al.A new point mutation in the iron-sulfur subunit of succinate dehydrogenase confers resistance to boscalid in Sclerotinia sclerotiorumMol. Plant Pathol.16(7)653-661(2015) 2.Matheron, M.E., and Porchas, M.Activity of boscalid, fenhexamid, fluazinam, fludioxonil, and vinclozolin on growth of Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum and development of lettuce dropPlant Dis.88(6)665-668(2004)

Validamycin A is an antibiotic and fungicide that inhibits the alginate enzyme trehalase and thus protects crops from the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, as well as being a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase.

Trifloxystrobin (CGA 279202) is a fungicide that inhibits the growth of R. solani isolates from sugar beet crops, with EC50 values of 23.0 μg/L for Daphnia magna neonates and 1.7 μg/L for embryos.

Progoitrin is a thioglucoside that is predominantly associated with infected crops. It has an inhibitory effect on thyroid activity.

ROS inducer 1 is a small molecule compound with bactericidal activity that inhibits the production of ROS in Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa). ROS inducer 1 induces ROS production in Xanthomonas cells and can be used to study bacterial infections in crops.

Cyproconazole is a triazole fungicide. It is used agriculturally for protection of crops against a wide variety of fungal pathogens.

Fumonisin B1 (Fumonisin-B1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium oxysporum that is widely present in crops, contaminating them and posing a significant food safety hazard.Fumonisin B1 is structurally a sphingosine and sphingomyelin analog, and inhibits the biosynthesis of complex sphingolipids through the inhibition of ceramidic synthases.

Cyhalofop (Cyhalofop acid) is a recently registered herbicide in the Indian aryloxyphenoxypropionate group, which can control a variety of grass weeds at different growth stages of rice crops.

Endosulfan sulfate is a highly toxic and persistent compound that serves as the primary metabolite of the insecticide Endosulfan, which is extensively utilized for various crops.

Benoxacor (BRN-4190275) is an inert agricultural chemical. Benoxacor acts as an herbicide safener to protect crops from herbicide toxicity.

Pirimicarb is a fast-acting and selective carbamate insecticide with a wide application range on crops including cereals, sugar beet, potatoes, fruits, and vegetables, which functions through the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and also exhibits acaricidal properties.

Quizalofop-ethyl (NC 302) is a aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicide used for post-emergence control of annual and perennial grass weeds within broadleaf crops such as soybeans, cotton, and peanuts, and its herbicidal activity is mediated through the potent inhibition of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) enzyme.