colorectal cancer

(-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) is a phenolic antioxidant polyphenol flavonoid found in plants such as green and black tea, which inhibits telomerase and DNA methyltransferase, blocks the activation of EGF receptors and HER-2 receptors, inhibits cellular oxidation, and prevents free radical damage to cells.

(E/Z)-Polydatin (Polydatin), is a natural precursor and glycoside form of resveratrol with a monocrystalline structure. While it is isolated from the bark of Picea sitchensis or Polygonum cuspidatum, Polydatin may be detected in grape, peanut, hop cones, red wines, hop pellets, cocoa-containing products, chocolate products and many daily diets. Polydatin possesses anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, anti-oxidative and anti-tumor activities. It is shown to mediate a cytotoxic action on colorectal cancer cells by inducing cell arrest and apoptosis.

N4-Acetylcytidine (N-Acetylcytidine) is a modified nucleoside. N4-acetylcytidine is an endogenous urinary nucleoside product of the degradation of transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA); urinary nucleosides are biological markers for patients with colorectal cancer.

trans-3-Indoleacrylic acid is one of the endogenous metabolites that inhibits RSL3-induced ferroptosis and can be used to study colorectal cancer.

N-Acetyl-L-arginine (Ac-Arg-OH), an N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid with a strong basic nature (based on its pKa), has elevated serum levels in hyperargininemic patients and is associated with several diseases, including uremia and colorectal cancer. In untreated hyperargininemic patients, it reaches its highest levels in cerebrospinal fluid. It has also been detected in apples and loquats, suggesting it could be a potential biomarker for consumption of these foods. Additionally, a low-arginine diet combined with sodium benzoate therapy leads to a marked decrease in plasma N-acetyl-L-arginine concentrations.

Ganodermanontriol is a purified triterpene extracted from GL that inhibits proliferation of HCT-116 and HT-29 colon cancer cells without significantly compromising cell viability and suppresses β-catenin transcriptional activity and cyclin D1 protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. Ganodermanontriol also reduces Cdk-4 and PCNA while increasing E-cadherin and β-catenin accumulation in HT-29 cells, Ganodermanontriol markedly suppresses tumor growth in an HT-29 xenograft mouse model without adverse effects, highlighting its strong potential as a chemotherapeutic candidate for colorectal cancer research.

Palmitoylcarnitine chloride (Palmitoyl DL-carnitine chloride) is a mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation intermediate that mediates intralipid cardioprotection.Palmitoylcarnitine chloride eliminates colorectal cancer cell survival by depletion of glutathione. induces cancer cell death and regulates the interaction between protein kinase C βII and its receptor RACK1.

Avenanthramide A is a naturally occurring, orally active plant defensin that binds to and inhibits RNA helicase DDX3, induces mitochondrial swelling and CRC cell apoptosis, increases ROS production, exhibits antitumor activity, and can be used in colorectal cancer research.

Liensinine is the active constituent of plumula nelambinis with anti-hypertension.

Polyphyllin G (Polyphyllin VII), the the main member of polyphyllin family, shows strong anticancer activity against several carcinomas, including lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and osteosarcoma.

Tetrac (Tetraiodothyroacetic acid) is a derivative of L-thyroxine (T4), a thyroxine integrin receptor antagonist.Tetrac induces antiproliferation by blocking EGFR-mediated cell signaling in colorectal cancer cells.Tetrac blocks the effects of T4 and 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) on the cell-surface thyroxine integrin αvβ3 receptors.Tetra has anti-angiogenic, anti-tumor activity and pro-apoptotic activity.

Chevalone C is a meroterpenoid fungal metabolite originally isolated from E. chevalieri. It is active against M. tuberculosis H37Ra (MIC = 6.3 μg/ml) and is cytotoxic to BC1 human breast cancer cells (IC50 = 8.7 μg/ml). Chevalone C inhibits the growth of multidrug-resistant isolates of E. coli, S. aureus, and E. faecium in a disc diffusion assay when used at a concentration of 15 μg/disc. It also induces cell death in HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells.

(−)-N-Hydroxyapiosporamide (NHAP), an alkaloid, serves as an NF-κB inhibitor and demonstrates significant antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo, with potential applications in colorectal cancer (CRC) research [1].

Pennogenin 3-O-beta-chacotrioside, isolated from *Paris polyphylla*, exhibits anti-colorectal cancer activity by modulating autophagy through increased expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3 and Beclin-1.

1. Acevaltrate (Acevaltratum) displays high cytotoxicity against GLC(4), a human small-cell lung cancer cell line, and against COLO 320, a human colorectal cancer cell line, with IC50 values of 1-6 uM.

Dehydroglyasperin D exhibits anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, antioxidant and anti-aldose reductase effects, it inhibits the proliferation of HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells through direct interaction with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; it also mediates suppression of both COX-2 expression and the MLK3 signalling pathway through direct binding and inhibition of MLK3. Dehydroglyasperin D shows strong ferric reducing activities and effectively scavenged DPPH, ABTS(+), and singlet oxygen radicals.

Manumycin E exhibits activity against Gram-positive bacteria and Escherichia coli, but has limited effect on other Gram-negative bacteria and none on fungi. It inhibits RAS farnesyltransferase and demonstrates modest cytotoxic activity against the human colorectal cancer cell line [HCT-116].

3'-Deoxytalopiericidin exhibits stronger inhibitory effects on colorectal cancer 26 cells compared to its effects on leukemia L1210 cells.

MO-2097 is an inhibitor of RAF-1 and HIF-1α. It destabilizes RAF-1, reducing EMT-related transcription factors and mesenchymal markers. MO-2097 suppresses HIF-1α protein expression under hypoxic or hypoxia-mimicking conditions via hnRNPA2B1. It induces mitochondrial ROS production, leading to cell apoptosis. By inhibiting the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, MO-2097 effectively prevents colorectal cancer metastasis. It also inhibits tumor growth in human colorectal cancer HCT116 cell xenograft mouse models. MO-2097 is applicable for colorectal cancer research.

Talaroconvolutin A is an inducer of ferroptosis (ferroptosis) that operates by elevating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels instead of acting through the GPX4 pathway. It decreases the expression of the solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and increases the expression of arachidonate lipoxygenase 3 (ALOXE3). This compound inhibits the growth of colorectal cancer cells HCT116 and bladder cancer cells SW480, with IC50 values of 1.22 μM and 1.4 μM, respectively. Talaroconvolutin A is applicable in studies related to colorectal and bladder cancers.

3-O-Methylgallic acid (3,4-Dihydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid) reduces cell proliferation in Caco-2 cells (IC50 = 24.1 μM) more effectively than anthocyanins and may offer protection against colon cancer after its formation in the gut. It inhibits transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1, STAT-1, and OCT-1, which are known to be activated in colorectal cancer.

Ethoxysanguinarine (6-Ethoxydihydrosanguinarine) shows human blood acetylcholinesterase (HuAChE) and human plasma butyrylcholinesterase (HuBuChE) inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 0.83 +/- 0.04 microM and 4.20 +/- 0.19 microM, respectively.

Cannabigerol is a high affinity α±2-adrenergic receptor agonist, moderate affinity 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, and low affinity CB1 receptor antagonist ; also binds to the CB2 receptor; it can relieve interocular pressure, which may be of benefit in the treatment of glaucoma.

Gliotoxin, a Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor, induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in multiple colorectal cancer cell lines with mutations of the Wnt signaling pathway.