bilayer

1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) is a synthetic phospholipid utilized in liposomes for the study of lipid monolayers and bilayers.

1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (Palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine) is a phospholipid commonly found in cell membranes, with cholesterol compositions ranging from 0 to 60 mol%.

Surfactin is a potent cyclic lipopeptide biosurfactants that mediates flux of mono-and divalent cations, such as calcium, across lipid bilayer membranes, with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antimycoplasma and hemolytic effects.

(-)-Epicatechin gallate ((-)-Epicatechin 3-O-gallate) is one of the catechin isomers and a potent antioxidant that can modulate a wide range of membrane proteins. Its bilayer-modifying potency was tested using gramicidin A (gA) channels as probes. All the catechins alter gA channel function and modify bilayer properties, with a 500-fold range in potency. The gallate group causes current block, as evident by brief downward current transitions.

1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (1,2-DSPE) is a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE or GPEtn). The stearic acid moieties are derived from animal fats, cocoa butter, and sesame oil. Phospholipids are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling.

Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate (Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium salt monohydrate) has been used in a study to assess the effect of submicellar concentrations of bile salts on the lipid bilayer membrane.

Bragsin2 (6-methoxy-5-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)chromen-4-one) is a hydration-resistant cell penetrant, selective and non-competitive inhibitor of Afr guanine nucleotide exchange factor BRAG2 that inhibits Arf GTPase activation, with an IC50 of 3 μM. Bragsin2 binds at the interface between the pleckstrin homology domain of BRAG2 and the lipid bilayer, leading BRAG2 unable to activate lipidated Arf GTPase.

4'-Methoxyflavonol is a synthetic flavonol with an additional 3-hydroxyl group and higher antioxidant capacity than 4'-Methoxyflavone.4'-Methoxyflavonol interacts with the lipid bilayer of DPPC model membranes, and is capable of scavenging free radicals and antioxidant activity in DPPH assays, and exhibits some antiproliferative activity against K562 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines.

DOCP (2-((2,3-Bis(oleoyloxy)propyl)dimethylammonio)ethyl hydrogen phosphate) is a lipid characterized by an opposite charge orientation compared to traditional phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids, featuring quaternary ammonium near the bilayer interface and phosphate groups projecting into the aqueous environment. This unique structure of iPC lipids presents an excellent opportunity to investigate the biophysical characteristics and biological activities influenced by the reversal of surface charges on bilayers.

Boc-Pro-OMe (Boc-L-proline methyl ester) is a lipid compound utilized in liposome preparation. Liposomes consist of concentric phospholipid bilayer vesicles, which serve as vital components in constructing drug delivery systems for anticancer and anti-infection applications. These systems effectively encapsulate high-polarity water-soluble payloads within the internal aqueous space of the liposome, while lipophilic payloads are integrated into and become part of the lipid bilayer. This compound is particularly effective for delivering antisense oligonucleotides, addressing issues of low cellular uptake and rapid bodily excretion.

(2S)-3-Keto sphinganine (d6:0) ((2S)-3-Keto-C6-dihydrosphingosine) hydrochloride is a lipid compound utilized in the preparation of liposomes. Liposomes, characterized by concentric phospholipid bilayer vesicles, are critical in constructing drug delivery systems for anti-cancer and anti-infection applications. They effectively encapsulate hydrophilic solutes within their aqueous interiors and incorporate lipophilic cargoes into their phospholipid bilayers, making them integral to the bilayer structure. This compound is particularly valuable in delivering antisense oligonucleotides, addressing challenges such as inefficient cellular uptake and rapid loss in the body.

1-Stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (18:0-22:6 PE) is a lipid compound utilized in the preparation of liposomes. Liposomes, forming the central component of concentric phospholipid bilayer vesicles, are pivotal in constructing drug delivery systems for anti-cancer and anti-infection applications. They effectively encapsulate hydrophilic payloads within their aqueous internal spaces, while lipophilic compounds are integrated into and become part of the lipid bilayer. This compound is particularly effective for delivering antisense oligonucleotides, addressing challenges such as inefficient cellular uptake and rapid loss in the body.

NH2-GG-DSPE is a lipid compound utilized in liposome formulation. Liposomes, having concentric phospholipid bilayer vesicles, are crucial components in constructing drug delivery systems for anti-cancer and anti-infection applications. This compound enables the encapsulation of highly polar water-soluble cargoes within the internal aqueous spaces of liposomes, while lipophilic cargoes can integrate into and become part of the lipid bilayers. NH2-GG-DSPE is particularly effective for delivering antisense oligonucleotides, overcoming challenges such as inefficient cellular uptake and rapid loss in the body.

1,2-Dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine sodium is a lipid compound utilized in the formulation of liposomes. Liposomes, composed of concentric phospholipid bilayer vesicles, serve as integral components in drug delivery systems aimed at oncology and anti-infection treatments. They efficiently encapsulate hydrophilic (highly polar) solutes within their aqueous interior, while lipophilic solutes are integrated into and become part of the lipid bilayer. This compound is particularly effective in delivering antisense oligonucleotides, addressing challenges such as poor cellular uptake and rapid degradation in the body.

SF-C5-TPP is an effective mitochondrial-targeting protonophore that acts as an uncoupler. It demonstrates significant proton transfer activity on model planar bilayer lipid membranes. SF-C5-TPP inhibits the growth of Bacillus subtilis, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 μM.

D-myo-Inositol-4-phosphate monoammonium is a metabolite of D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. The latter acts as a second messenger that triggers Ca2+ mobilization. D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate inhibits the binding of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-delta 1 (PLC-delta 1) to bilayer membranes composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2).

Deethylindanomycin is a polyether antibiotic that has been found in S. setonii. It is active against a variety of Gram-positive bacteria, including various strains of S. aureus and Streptococcus, as well as one strain of S. pneumoniae (MICs = 4, 4, and 2 μg/ml, respectively). It is also active against coccidia in vitro, inhibiting E. tenella development, but is inactive against E. tenella infection in chicks when administered at a dose of 200 μg/g in the diet. Deethylindanomycin acts as an ionophore in lipid bilayer membranes and is more selective for potassium ions than calcium, magnesium, and sodium ions. It induces histamine release from rodent mast cells and human basophils in vitro in a calcium-dependent manner.

Palmitic acid-1-13C is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid (T2908) is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid. It comprises approximately 25% of human total plasma lipids.1 It increases protein levels of COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells when used at a concentration of 75 μM.2 Palmitic acid (T2908) is involved in the acylation of proteins to anchor membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer.2,3,4,5,6

Palmitic acid-1,2,3,4-13C4 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid (T2908) is a common 16-carbon saturated fat that represents 10-20% of human dietary fat intake and comprises approximately 25 and 65% of human total plasma lipids and saturated fatty acids, respectively.1,2Acylation of palmitic acid to proteins facilitates anchoring of membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer and trafficking of intracellular proteins, promotes protein-vesicle interactions, and regulates various G protein-coupled receptor functions.1Red blood cell palmitic acid levels are increased in patients with metabolic syndrome compared to patients without metabolic syndrome and are also increased in the plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes compared to individuals without diabetes.3,4

Palmitic acid-13C is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid-13C contains 13C at the C2 position and has been used in the study of free fatty acid incorporation into phospholipid fatty acids in soil microbes.1 Palmitic acid (T2908) is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid. It comprises approximately 25% of human total plasma lipids.2 It increases protein levels of COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells when used at a concentration of 75 μM.3 Palmitic acid (T2908) is involved in the acylation of proteins to anchor membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer.3,4,5,6,7

C16 Sphingomyelin (d18:1/16:0) (N-Palmitoyl-D-sphingomyelin) is a phospholipid analog of phospholipid bilayer membranes, which can be used to study biofilm activity.

DEPMPO is a nitrone that is used to spin trap reactive O-, N-, S-, and C-centered radicals and allow their characterization when used in association with electron spin resonance. It is noted for the stability of adducts formed. DEPMPO can be used in vitro or in vivo, as it crosses lipid bilayer membranes and is a good trapping agent in biological systems. DEPMPO-biotin is a biotinylated form of DEPMPO which retains the outstanding persistency of its adducts. The biotin moiety offers an effective means for monitoring biodistribution in cells, tissues, and organs when used with an avidin-conjugated reporter. Importantly, DEPMPO-biotin binds free radicals, such as S-nitroso groups, on proteins, producing adducts that can be analyzed via the biotin tag. This direct labeling of S-nitrosothiols (SNO) thus serves as an effective alternative to the more cumbersome biotin-switch method for monitoring SNO formation.

Dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide is a synthetic double-chain cationic lipid composed of a positively charged quaternary ammonium headgroup and two long-chain hydrophobic alkyl groups. It is capable of self-assembling into liposomes and nanoparticle systems and is commonly used in gene delivery and vaccine adjuvant development, where it promotes cellular uptake by forming complexes with nucleic acids; It also has applications as a surfactant and emulsifier.

1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PE-N- (cap biotin) (sodium salt)can be used to construct lipid vesicles and form lipid bilayer (SLB). 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PE-N- (cap biotin) (sodium salt)as a biotinylated phospholipid can be used to study the interaction between protein and lipid-binding ligands.