a-glucose

alpha-D-glucose (α-Dextrose) is a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Phanginin A, a potent and orally active activator of salt-induced kinase 1 (SIK1), effectively inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases the expression of p-SIK1, and decreases the expression of p-CREB. By reducing blood glucose levels and enhancing glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia, Phanginin A holds potential for type 2 diabetes research.

D-Sorbitol (Sorbitol) is a polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose, occurring naturally and also produced synthetically from glucose. Formerly used as a diuretic, it may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for certain surgical procedures. It is also utilized in various manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications.

Isomaltose (D-Isomaltose) is a reducing disaccharide, similar to maltose, but with an α-(1-6)-linkage instead of the α-(1-4)-linkage.

Maltose (maltobiose) is a reducing sugar and is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose bound by a (1-4) bond. Maltose can be used as an energy source for bacteria.

Lactose is a disaccharide derived from galactose and glucose that is found in milk.

D-Galactose is a naturally occurring hexose and a C-4 epimer of glucose. It can combine with glucose to form lactose and is commonly used to establish animal models of aging.

D-Mannopyranose is a hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants.

Danthron (Antrapurol) is a natural product, regulates glucose, and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK.

D-Glucose (Glucopyranose) is a monosaccharide, a natural glucose, a sweetener. D-Glucose is the main functional substance of living organisms, and is used as a nutrient in medicine, with diuretic, detoxification and cardiotonic effects.

DL-Threonine, a crucial amino acid compound, plays an integral role in numerous metabolic processes including the synthesis of glycine, the enzymatic conversion of glycogen to glucose, the maintenance of muscle tissue integrity, and the systemic regulation of overall amino acid balance.

L-(+)-Arabinose selectively inhibits intestinal sucrase in a non-competitive manner, thereby preventing glucose elevation induced by sucrose intake.

(S)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid (L-(+)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a normal human metabolite that has been found elevated in geriatric patients remitting from depression. (S)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA in humans, and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low.

D-Glucose 6-phosphate disodium salt is a compound widely present in biological systems. It is a molecule formed when glucose undergoes phosphorylation at the 6th carbon. This compound participates in various metabolic regulatory pathways within the body, including the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis.

α-Amylase, a hydrolase enzyme, catalyzes the hydrolysis of internal α-1,4-glycosidic linkages in starch, producing glucose and maltose.

D-(+)-Cellobiose (Cellobiose) is a disaccharide, a reducing sugar, consists of two β-glucose molecules linked by a β(1→4) bond. It can be hydrolyzed to glucose enzymatically or with acid.

D-Melibiose (Galalpha1-6Glcbeta) is a reducing disaccharide formed by an alpha-1, 6 linkage between galactose and glucose (D-Gal-α(1→6)-D-Glc).

Fructose is a simple ketose monosaccharide widely found in many plants and commonly combines with glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. It can be used to induce hyperuricemia and diabetes models.

Thiamine monochloride (Vitamin B1) is an essential vitamin with erythropoietic, glucose-regulatory, antioxidant, and mood-regulatory properties. It inhibits lead-induced lipid peroxidation, preventing lead poisoning, and plays a crucial role in cellular energy production from ingested food while enhancing normal neuronal activity.

(2S,3R,4S)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine (Hydroxyisoleucine) from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds is a potential insulinotropic (anti-diabetic) and anti-obesity amino acid that stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic cells, activates insulin receptor substrate-associated phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase activity, and reduces plasma levels of triglycerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol.

1. Stearic acid (Cetylacetic acid) can reduce metastatic tumor burden. 2. Stearic acid leads to dramatically reduced visceral fat likely by causing the apoptosis of preadipocytes. 3. Stearic acid and its derivatives have been used as gelators in food and pharmaceutical gel formulations. 4. Stearic acid is a potent phosphatase 1B inhibitor, possibly causing an enhancement in the insulin receptor signaling to stimulate glucose uptake into adipocytes. 5. Stearic acid has the potential to increase dry matter intake and yields of milk and milk components, without affecting conversion of feed to milk, body condition score, or body weight.

D-(+)-Trehalose dihydrate (α,α-Trehalose dihydrate) is a natural α-linked disaccharide formed by an α, α-1, 1-glucoside bond between two α-glucose units.

Isosteviol ((-)-Isosteviol), a common natural sweetener, belongs to tetracyclic diterpene glycosides. The pharmacology researches have suggested that stevioside and its hydrolysis products, steviol, isosteviol and steviolbioside, have many biological activities, such as reducing blood glucose, lowering blood pressure, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, anti-diarrhea, antibacterium, immunoregulation, etc.

Glabridin (KB-289522) may serve as an anti-inflammatory agent in diabetes-related vascular dysfunction, through regulating the synthesis and activity of iNOS under high-glucose levels; may possess a therapeutic effect on metabolic disorders( such as diabetes and hyperglycemia), by modulating glucose metabolism through AMPK in skeletal muscle cells. Glabridin may have potential as a chemopreventive agent against liver Y metastasis, by inhibiting the invasion of human HCC cells.