MAPK信号通路

Nimbolide suppresses CDK4/CDK6 kinase activity. Nimbolide inhibits the NF-κB, Wnt, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Nimbolide causes apoptosis through the inactivation of NF-κB. Nimbolide is a triterpene derived from the leaves and flowers

Scutellarin (Scutellarein-7-glucuronide), an active flavone isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, can inhibit RANKL-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in osteoclasts, and down-regulate the STAT3/Girdin/Akt signaling in HCC cells.

Esculin (Aesculin) is a glucoside found in horse chestnuts.

Maohuoside A promotes osteogenesis of rat mesenchymal stem cells via BMP and MAPK signaling pathways.

(+)-Armepavine is an active compound from Nelumbo nucifera that exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, immunosuppressive effects on T lymphocytes, and protective activity in lupus nephritic mice, in part by inhibiting TNF-α-induced MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Curcumenol ((+)-Curcumenol), one of the major components of Zedoary turmeric oil, is an antibiotic drug which has anti-Y, anti-inflammation activity. Curcumenol may be safely used without inducing metabolic drug-drug interaction through P450 inhibition.

Polygalacic acid (Virgaureagenin G) is a triterpenoid isolated from the root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd that inhibits MMP expression. Polygalacic acid (Virgaureagenin G) can significantly improve the responsiveness of the cholinergic system, such as decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, increased choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, and increased acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Polygalacic acid (Virgaureagenin G) can also inhibit IL-1β-induced Wnt/β-catenin activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in chondrocytes, and is used in osteoarthritis (OA) related research.

Rehmannioside A, a cyclic enol ether terpene glycoside extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Dihuang, possesses neuroprotective activity and acts by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

Eudesmin shows antiinflammatory, neuritogenic, anticonvulsant and sedative effects, the mechanism of eudesmin may be related to up-regulation of GABAA and GAD65 expressions, and anti-apoptosis of neuron the in brain.50 microM (+)-eudesmin can induce neurite outgrowth and enhance nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells by stimulating up-stream MAPK, PKC and PKA pathways.

Asperuloside (Asperulosid) has anti-inflammatory activity.

1. Decursin (Decursinol angelate) is able to attenuate kainic acid-induced seizures and could have potential as an antiepileptic drug. 2. Decursin exhibits hepatoprotective effects , potentially by inhibiting the TGF-β1 induced NOX activation and Smad signaling. 3. Decursin has anti-cancer activity , mediated suppression of the PKCα, MAPK and NF-κB pathways in MCF-7 cells. 4. Decursin exhibits cytotoxicity against various human cancer cells and to possess anti-amnesic activity in vivo through the inhibition of AChE activity.

1. Cornuside (Comuside) has immunomodulatory activity . 2. Cornuside suppresses expression levels of cytokine-induced proinflammatory and adhesion molecules in the human endothelial cells. 3. Cornuside can treat myocardial I/R and protect the liver from CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity, by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing inflammatory responses. 4. Cornuside has anti-inflammatory activity by downregulations of iNOS and COX-2 due to NF-κB inhibition as well as the negative regulation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK1/2 phosphorylations in RAW 264.7 cells. 5. Cornuside has protective potential against cerebral ischemic injury, may be due to the suppression of intracellular Ca(2+) elevation and caspase-3 activity, and improvements in mitochondrial energy metabolism and antioxidant properties.

4'-Methoxyresveratrol (4'-O-Methylresveratrol) is a natural product from the roots of *Rheum palmatum* L., with significant hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. 4'-Methoxyresveratrol alleviates AGE-induced inflammation by suppressing RAGE-mediated MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

L-quebrachitol is a natural product.L-quebrachitol may promote osteoblastogenesis by triggering the BMP-2-response as well as the Runx2, MAPK, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Aloesin is a C-glycosylated chromone compound found in aloe (Liliaceae) that inhibits tyrosinase (IC50 = 0.9 mM), an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the conversion of tyrosine to melanin.

1. Nitidine chloride has inhibitory effects on various tumors, such as renal cancer , breast cancer. 2. Nitidine chloride inhibits the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells in vitro in a time- and dose-dependent manner and identifies efficacy in vivo in a mouse model of HCC.

Norartocarpetin is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor exhibiting significant antibrowning properties useful for food system research, with an IC50 of 0.47 μM. Furthermore, it demonstrates substantial anticancer activity specifically in lung carcinoma cells (NCI-H460), achieving an IC50 of 22 μM. The antiproliferative effects of Norartocarpetin are achieved through targeting the Ras/Raf/MAPK signaling pathway, inducing mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, facilitating S-phase cell cycle arrest, and inhibiting cell migration and invasion in human lung carcinoma cells.

Tanshinol borneol ester, an angiogenesis stimulator, enhances multiple critical phases of angiogenesis via the Akt and MAPK signaling pathways and exhibits anti-ischemic and anti-atherosclerosis properties [1].

Esculin sesquihydrate, a coumarin glucoside with fluorescent properties and a constituent of ash bark, improves cognitive deficits associated with experimental diabetic nephropathy (DN). It also offers anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory benefits through the MAPK signaling pathway [1] [2].

Cucurbitacin D, a triterpenoid isolated from Ecballium elaterium (L.), exhibits anticancer and antitumor activity, inhibits glucose uptake and lactate production in metastatic PrC, and induces inflammasome activation independent of ERK1/2 activation. Cucurbitacin D, a novel inflammasome activator in macrophages, inhibits HepG2 cell proliferation and induces apoptosis by modulating the JAK/STAT3, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways, and can be used in the study of cervical cancer, leukemia, and prostate cancer.

Pestanoid A is a rearranged diterpenoid that functions as an osteoclastogenesis inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.2 μM. It can be isolated from the marine-derived fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. (NBUF145). Pestanoid A inhibits NF-kB ligand-induced activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways by preventing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2-JNK1/2-p38 MAPKs and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. This compound may be useful in osteoporosis research.

Salixteroside D is a derivative of salicin, exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Asperulosidic acid (ASPA) has anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. ASPA is related to the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and mediators via suppression of the NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways.

Hellebrigenin, as a selective inhibitor of MAPK signaling pathways (ERK, p38, JNK) and XIAP, effectively suppresses Akt expression and phosphorylation. This compound activates endogenous apoptosis pathways (including mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, Caspase family activation, and PARP cleavage) while modulating apoptosis-related protein expression. Hellebrigenin also induces DNA double-strand breaks to activate the ATM pathway, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and clonogenesis, primarily applied in research of oral squamous cell carcinoma and liver cancer.