Glucose 1-dehydrogenase

Glucose 1-dehydrogenase, also known as glucose dehydrogenase (FAD)/Pseudomonas glucose dehydrogenase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose and NAD(P) into NAD(P)H and gluconic acid, serving as a cofactor regeneration mechanism [1].

5-amino-1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile is a compound used as a molecular structural unit and is considered to be an inhibitor of enzymes such as COX-2, 5-LOX, etc., and possesses a wide range of biochemical and physiological effects including antitumor activity, anti-inflammatory effects and antioxidant activity.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the crucial rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, plays a vital role in generating NADPH. This compound is indispensable for numerous critical cellular functions such as antioxidant pathways, nitric oxide synthase, NADPH oxidase, and the cytochrome p450 system, among others. Its significance extends to research applications in diabetes, aldosterone-induced endothelial dysfunction, and cancer [1].

α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in glycogen metabolism.1,2It is a precursor in the biosynthesis of UDP-glucose, the glucose donor in glycogen biosynthesis.2α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate can be formed during glycogen breakdownviaphosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase.1It can be converted to glucose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase. α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate is combined with CTP by α-D-glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase to form CDP-glucose in the first step of CDP-D-tyvelose biosynthesis inS. typhi.3Bacterial sucrose phosphorylase converts sucrose and phosphate into D-fructose and α-D-glucose-1-phosphate.4 1.Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L.Glycogen breakdown requires the interplay of several enzymesBiochemistry(2002) 2.Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L.Glycogen is synthesized and degraded by different pathwaysBiochemistry(2002) 3.Koropatkin, N.M., and Holden, H.M.Molecular structure of ɑ-D-glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase from Salmonella typhiJ. Biol. Chem.279(42)44023-44029(2004) 4.Goedl, C., Schwarz, A., Minani, A., et al.Recombinant sucrose phosphorylase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides: Characterization, kinetic studies of transglucosylation, and application of immobilised enzyme for production of ɑ-Ｄ-glucose 1-phosphateJ. Biotechnol.129(1)77-86(2007)

1-(4-Hydroxybenzoyl)glucose is a natural product from Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem.

1-O-Galloyl-2-O-cinnamoyl-glucose is a natural product.

1-thio-β-D-Glucose is an analog of β-D-glucose in which sulfur replaces the hydroxyl group at the one position. The thiol group allows diverse chemical reactions, including click chemistry and polymerization. 1-thio-β-D-Glucose can be labeled with technetium-99m for analytical and diagnostic procedures. It can also be used as a substrate for glucose oxidase, which leads to the production of 1-thio-β-D-gluconic acid.

Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) is an oxidoreductase enzyme that facilitates the oxidation of β-D-glucose into β-D-glucono-1,5-lactone, while concurrently reducing cofactor NADP+ to NADPH, and to a lesser degree, NAD+ to NADH. It can utilize both NAD+ and NADP+ as cofactors and serves in the regeneration of NADH and NADPH [1] [2].

1-thio-β-D-Glucose tetraacetate is a building block.1,2It has been used in the synthesis of aromatic glucosinolates with anti-inflammatory activity, as well as glucosylated poly(pentafluorostyrene) derivatives for coating magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. 1.Vo, Q.V., Trenerry, C., Rochfort, S., et al.Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of aromatic glucosinolatesBioorg. Med. Chem.21(19)5945-5954(2013) 2.Babiuch, K., Wyrwa, R., Wagner, K., et al.Functionalized, biocompatible coating for superparamagnetic nanoparticles by controlled polymerization of a thioglycosidic monomerBiomacromolecules12(3)681-691(2011)

L-Glucose-1-14C is the L-isomer of glucose. It also is the enantiomer of the more common D-glucose.

1-O-p-Coumaroyl-β-D-glucose, a compound extractable from Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem (sponge gourds) [1] [2], has been found to enhance glucose uptake in HuH7 cells.

α-D-Glucose 1-phosphate disodium salt is converted into D-glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase.

α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate disodium hydrate serves multiple roles in medical and biochemical applications, including as a precursor in the synthesis of glucuronic acid, a cytostatic compound crucial for cardiopathic therapy, an antibiotic, an immunosuppressive agent, and a component in circulatory system therapy [1].

NCT-502 (N-(4,6-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine-1-carbothioamide) is a human phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase inhibitor, cytotoxic to PHGDH-dependent cancer cells. It decreases glucose-derived serine production and it has an IC50 of 3.7 μM against PHGDH.

Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) ammonium, formed through the enzymatic action of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, serves as a crucial cofactor in sugar nucleotide biosynthesis. It acts as a pivotal precursor and a common substrate for C4-epimerases and decarboxylases, which generate UDP-galacturonic acid (UDP-GalA) and UDP-pentose, respectively. Additionally, as a glucuronic acid donor, UDP-GlcA ammonium is utilized in research for studying bilirubin conjugation within the endoplasmic recticulum [1].

Diallyl tetrasulfide is an organosulfur compound that has been found in A. sativum and has diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties.[1],[2],[3],[4] It is active against the bacteria S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; MICs = 0.5 and 2 mg/L, respectively), as well as the fungi C. albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata, A. niger, A. flavus, and A. fumigatus (MICs = 0.5, 4, 2, 1, 2, and 4 mg/L, respectively).[1] It reduces cadmium-induced increases in hepatic levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increases cadmium-induced decreases in the hepatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD1), catalase, GST, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) in rats when administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg.[2] Diallyl tetrasulfide is cytotoxic to MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC50 = 92 μM) and reduces tumor growth in a BGC-823 mouse xenograft model when administered at doses of 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg for 32 days.[3],[4]

PF-07238025, a potent branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BDK) inhibitor with an EC50 of 19 nM, enhances the stability of the BDK-BCKDH core E2 subunit interaction and inhibits the phosphorylation of the E1 subunit. By modulating BDK, which regulates the phosphorylation of BCKDH, a key enzyme in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) degradation, PF-07238025 indirectly controls the rate-limiting step in BCAA catabolism. Dysregulated BCAA metabolism is implicated in various cardiometabolic disorders such as heart failure (HF), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and obesity. Notably, PF-07238025 has been shown to ameliorate cardiometabolic endpoints and enhance glucose tolerance in mouse models [1].