Mitochondria

JC-1 (CBIC2) is a fluorescent lipophilic carbonyl cyanine dye. JC-1 is used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. When the mitochondrial membrane potential is relatively high, JC-1 converges in the matrix to form a polymer, which can produce red fluorescence (λex=585 nm, λem=590 nm). When the mitochondrial membrane potential is low, JC-1 cannot accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix and exists in the form of monomers to produce green fluorescence (λex=510 nm, λem=527 nm).

MitoSOX Red TFA (Mito-hydroethidine TFA) is a fluorescent probe that specifically targets mitochondria in living cells.MitoSOX Red is susceptible to oxidation by superoxide, but is not easily oxidized by other ROS or RNS-generating systems.MitoSOX Red acts as a fluorescent indicator and can be used for live cell imaging.

DiSC3(5) is a lipophilic cationic fluorescent probe sensitive to changes in membrane potential. 3,3'-Dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide accumulates in hyperpolarized cell membranes, leading to fluorescence quenching; when the membranes are depolarized, the dye is released from the cells and the fluorescence intensity is enhanced, which is used for real-time monitoring of mitochondrial membrane potential changes and membrane hyperpolarization. The maximum excitation emission wavelength was 622 670 nm.

TMRM Perchlorate (T668) is a cell-permeant cationic lipophilic red fluorescent dye (λex=530 nm, λem=592 nm).

MitoTracker Orange CMTMRos is a live cell fluorescent dye that labels mitochondria in living cells by mitochondrial membrane potential accumulation and is suitable for live cell imaging and apoptosis studies.

4-Di-1-ASP is a positively charged fluorescent dye used to label glioma cells in live brain tissue and can also be used to observe mitochondria in live cells, with λex λem = 475 606 nm.

Mito-CCY, a mitochondria-targeted NIR-absorbing cryptocyanine probe, exhibits high photothermal conversion efficiency and good biological compatibility in vitro. Additionally, it demonstrates photoinduced cytotoxicity in HeLa cells [1].

Oxonol Blue is a staining dye that can be used as a monitor of membrane potential [1].

HKOCl-4m is a rhodol-based fluorescent probe designed for the specific and deliberate targeting of mitochondria, enabling the monitoring of mitochondrial hypochlorous acid (HOCl).

Rhodamine 6G hydrazide (R6GH), a fluorescent dye, is employed for selective colorimetric and fluorescent sensing [1].

3,3′-Diheptylthiacarbocyanine iodide, a cyanine dye used for measuring membrane potential (λ ex = 562 nm, λ em = 575 nm) [1].

MitoTracker Deep Red FM is a fluorescent dye that selectively accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix and covalently binds to mitochondrial proteins by reacting with free mercaptan of cysteine residues. This allows the staining of mitochondrial structures independent of membrane potential. Excitation emission wavelength: 644 665 nm [1]. Storage: Keep away from light.

DASPEI, a cationic styrenyl mitochondrial dye, is characterized by a large Stokes shift and excitation emission wavelengths at 550 573 nm, yielding robust chromogenic properties. It effectively stains mitochondria in live cells and labels presynaptic nerve endings regardless of neuronal activity [1].

4-Di-2-ASP, a styryl pyridinium fluorescent dye, serves as an essential mitochondrial marker. It effectively and specifically labels pulmonary NEBs (neuroepithelial bodies) [1].

Tetramethylrhodamine B isothiocyanate (Rhodamine B, tetramethyl-, isothiocyanate) is a fluorescent dye with a strong two-photon absorption at approximately 830 nm [1].

Rhodamine B hexyl ester (perchlorate) is a cell-permeant, orange-fluorescent dye specifically targeting mitochondria.

Oxonol 595 is a fluorescent dye sensitive to voltage changes [1].

Mito Red is a multifunctional dye used extensively in biological experiments to observe and analyze cell structures, track biomolecules, assess cell functions, distinguish cell types, detect biomolecules, study tissue pathology, and monitor microorganisms. Its applications range from basic scientific research to clinical diagnostics. Additionally, dyes are widely utilized in traditional fields like textile dyeing, as well as emerging areas such as functional textile processing, food pigments, and dye-sensitized solar cells.

Mito Flipper-TR 27, a fluorescent probe, accumulates in mitochondria to measure membrane tension in living cells. Its accumulation is driven by the strong internal negative membrane potential, which propels the permanently hydrophobic triphenylphosphine cation across the inner membrane and prevents its release, thereby facilitating mitochondrial tracking [1].