ventral

L-Albizziin (2-Methoxyidazoxan monohydrochloride) is a highly potent selective antagonist of the alpha 2r adrenergic receptor, with little or no antagonistic effect on imidazoline. It has a significantly higher affinity for the alpha 2D adrenergic receptor (pKd9.7) in guinea pigs than for the alpha 2A adrenergic receptor (pKd8.2) in rabbits.

Epristeride (ONO-9302) is an orally active, selective and non-competitive steroidal 5-α-reductase isoform 2 inhibitor that inhibits SR isoform 2.Episteride reduces prostate size and improves symptoms in men with BPH.Episteride induces atrophy and apoptosis of the ventral prostate in rats.

Tiaspirone hydrochloride (BMY-13859 hydrochloride) exhibits antipsychotic activity. Tiaspirone hydrochloride influences the electrophysiological activity of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra zona compacta (A9 DA cells) and ventral tegmental area (A10 DA cells) in the brain of the rat.

MS7710 is a brain-penetrant inhibitor of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. It reduces Ih current by inhibiting HCN channels, thereby decreasing the activity of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). MS7710 effectively improves social interaction deficits and reward-related cognitive flexibility in mouse models of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) and shows promise for depression research.

4-Androsten-3-one-5-ene-17-carboxylic acid is a derivative of progesterone and functions as a 5α-reductase inhibitor. It prevents the transformation of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone in homogenates of the rat ventral prostate.

Proxyfan (Proxifan) is a high-affinity protean antagonist/agonist of histamine H3 receptors with a full spectrum of pharmacological activity ranging from full agonist to full inverse agonist(antagonist), depending on the competition between constitutively active and resting H3 receptors within a given tissue or brain region.Proxyfan acts as a neutral antagonist in the feeding-associated ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus, and as a agonist in the basolateral amygdala of the rat (BLA).

AA560 is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen. AA560 decreases the uptake of 3H-androgens in the ventral prostate and decreases the weight of accessory organs.

Galphimine B is a cyclodesiccated triterpenoid from Galphimia Glauca, which can regulate the synaptic transmission of dopaminergic ventral tegmental neurons and has a sedative effect.

Urocortin II is a neuropeptide hormone and member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family which includes mammalian CRF , urocortin , urocortin III , frog sauvagine, and piscine urotensin I.1 Mouse urocortin II shares 34 and 42% sequence homology with rat CRF and urocortin . It is expressed in mouse paraventricular, supraoptic, and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus, the locus coeruleus, and in motor nuclei of the brainstem and spinal ventral horn. Urocortin II selectively binds to CRF1 over CRF2 receptors (Kis = 0.66 and >100 nM, respectively) and induces cAMP production in CHO cells expressing CRF2 (EC50 = 0.14 nM). In vivo, urocortin II suppresses nighttime food intake by 35% in rats when administered intracerebroventricularly at a dose of 1 μg. Urocortin II (0.1 and 0.5 μg, i.c.v) stimulates fecal pellet output, increases distal colonic transit, and inhibits gastric emptying in mice.2References1. Reyes, T.M., Lewis, K., Perrin, M.H., et al. Urocortin II: A member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neuropeptide family that is selectively bound by type 2 CRF receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(5), 2843-2848 (2001).2. Martinez, V., Wang, L., Million, M., et al. Urocortins and the regulation of gastrointestinal motor function and visceral pain. Peptides 25(10), 1733-1744 (2004). Urocortin II is a neuropeptide hormone and member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family which includes mammalian CRF , urocortin , urocortin III , frog sauvagine, and piscine urotensin I.1 Mouse urocortin II shares 34 and 42% sequence homology with rat CRF and urocortin . It is expressed in mouse paraventricular, supraoptic, and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus, the locus coeruleus, and in motor nuclei of the brainstem and spinal ventral horn. Urocortin II selectively binds to CRF1 over CRF2 receptors (Kis = 0.66 and >100 nM, respectively) and induces cAMP production in CHO cells expressing CRF2 (EC50 = 0.14 nM). In vivo, urocortin II suppresses nighttime food intake by 35% in rats when administered intracerebroventricularly at a dose of 1 μg. Urocortin II (0.1 and 0.5 μg, i.c.v) stimulates fecal pellet output, increases distal colonic transit, and inhibits gastric emptying in mice.2 References1. Reyes, T.M., Lewis, K., Perrin, M.H., et al. Urocortin II: A member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neuropeptide family that is selectively bound by type 2 CRF receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(5), 2843-2848 (2001).2. Martinez, V., Wang, L., Million, M., et al. Urocortins and the regulation of gastrointestinal motor function and visceral pain. Peptides 25(10), 1733-1744 (2004).

Galanin is a neuropeptide with diverse biological activities. [1][2][3][4][5] It binds to rat galanin (GAL) receptor subtypes GAL1-3 (IC50s = 0.339, 1.35, and 3.31 nM, respectively) and human GAL1-3 (IC50s = 0.288, 1.62, and 12.3 nM, respectively). [1] Galanin binds to and inhibits contraction of guinea pig gastric smooth muscle cells induced by carbachol . [2] In vivo, Galanin (6 nmol, i.c.v.) increases feeding behavior in rats and increases latency to hindpaw withdrawal in response to heat and mechanical stimulation in a rat model of carrageenin-induced inflammation when administered at a dose of 2 nmol injected into the nucleus accumbens.[3][4] Galanin (5 μg, i.c.v.) also inhibits acetylcholine release induced by scopolamine in the ventral hippocampus of freely moving rats. [5]

RTI-7470-44 is a potent and selective human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1) antagonist (IC50: 8.4 nM) that crosses the blood-brain barrier. RTI-7470-44 increases the spontaneous firing rate of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain in mice. RTI-7470-44 can be used to study schizophrenia, drug addiction and Parkinson's disease (PD).

Endomorphins-2 (EM-2) could decrease both the frequency and amplitude of the sEPSC of the motoneurons in lamina IX, which was reversed by the MOR antagonist CTOP. EM-2-IR fibers originated from primary afferent fibers form symmetric synaptic connections with motoneurons innervating skeletal muscles of the lower limbs in lamina IX of the spinal ventral horn and EM-2 might exert inhibitory effects on the activities of these motoneurons through both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms.

VU6019650 is a potent and selective orthosteric antagonist of M5 mAChR ( IC 50 =36 nM), can be used for opioid use disorder (OUD) relief. VU6019650 can cross blood brain barrier, potentially modulates the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward circuitry. VU6019650 blocks Oxotremorine M iodide induced increases of neuronal firing rates of midbrain dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) [1] [2] .

Elezanumab(ABT-555) is a potent human anti-RGMa monoclonal antibody.Elezanumab exerts its inhibitory effect on RGMa-mediated BMP signaling through the SMAD1/5/8 pathway, with an IC50 of approximately 97 pM.Elezanumab promotes neuroregeneration, neuroprotection, and neural restoration in models of neuronal injury and demyelination. Elezanumab promotes the growth of corticospinal axons into spinal gray matter and enhances serotonergic innervation in the ventral horn, forming synaptic connections in the caudal part of cervical lesions.

SB 242084 monohydrochloride is a selective, competitive, and high-affinity 5-HT2C receptor antagonist (pKi=9.0) that can cross the blood-brain barrier. This compound enhances the basal activity of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Additionally, SB 242084 monohydrochloride boosts the expression of mitochondrial genes and oxidative metabolism via the 5-HT2A receptor. Its potential for research in anxiety, depression, negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and acute organ damage is significant.

Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide Acetate (CCAP acetate) is is the most conserved and ubiquitous neuropeptide in arthropods and is produced in insects by a network of conserved neurons in the ventral nerve cord.Crustacean Cardioactive Peptide Acetate is a cyclic amidated natriuretic peptide hormone commonly found in insects, crustaceans and other arthropods.

Selective vasopressin V1A receptor antagonist. Inhibits vasopressin and oxytocin-induced increases in intracellular calcium concentrations in vitro (IC50 values are 5 and 30 nM respectively). Exhibits potent and prolonged antivasopressor activity and indu