vegetables

Thiacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide that acts as a selective agonist at insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) with IC50values of 2.7 and 860 nM forDrosophilanAChRs and M10 mouse fibroblast cells expressing α4β2 subunit-containing nAChRs, respectively.1It is active against aphids, whiteflies, various species of beetle, andLepidopteraspecies when used at concentrations ranging from 48 to 180 g AI hectare.2It has anti-estrogenic activity in a yeast estrogen screen and is toxic to adult female houseflies and mice (LD50s = 0.03 and 28 mg kg, respectively).1,3Formulations containing thiacloprid have been used in the control of insects in agriculture. 1.Tomizawa, M., and Casida, J.E.Selective toxicity of neonicotinoids attributable to specificity of insect and mammalian nicotinic receptorsAnnu. Rev. Entomol.48339-364(2003) 2.Elbert, A., Erdelen, C., Kuhnhold, J., et al.Thiacloprid, a novel neonicotinoid insecticide for foliar applicationProc. Brighton Crop. Prot. Conf. - Pests and Diseases121-26(2000) 3.Westlund, P., and Yargeau, V.Investigation of the presence and endocrine activities of pesticides found in wastewater effluent using yeast-based bioassaysSci. Total Environ.607-608744-751(2017)

6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BAP), benzyl adenine or BAP is a first-generation synthetic cytokinin that elicits plant growth and development responses, setting blossoms and stimulating fruit richness by stimulating cell division. It is an inhibitor of respiratory kinase in plants, and increases post-harvest life of green vegetables.

Benzyl isothiocyanate (Benzoylthiocarbimide) (BITC) is an isothiocyanate originally found in cruciferous vegetables. It shows immunomodulatory, anti-parasitic, antibiotic, antioxidative, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-angiogenic, anti-metastatic, anticancer chemotherapeutic, and chemopreventive activities.

β-Carotene (Provitamin A) is a naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA.

Fenhexamid (Elevate), a sterol biosynthesis inhibitor, shows antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungus. Fenhexamid is used for agriculture and is present in measurable amounts in fruits and vegetables.

Maleic hydrazide is a plant growth regulator and germination inhibitor that participates in nucleic acid metabolism pathways within plants, thereby inhibiting cell division in the apical meristem.

cis-3-Hexen-1-ol ((Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol) is an aroma compound described as green grassy or the smell of cut grass. It is found in many fresh fruits and vegetables and is widely used as a flavor additive in processed food and perfumes. cis-3-Hexen-1-ol also attracts various insects[1][2].

Oxalic acid is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants. Oxalic acid is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid.

D(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate (D-Raffinose pentahydrate) is a naturally occurring trisaccharide composed of fructose, galactose, and glucose, found in various vegetables and grains. It functions as a functional oligosaccharide.

5'-Guanylic acid disodium salt (GMP-5) is a purine ribonucleoside monophosphate. L-Glutamic acid and guanosine monophosphate are biosynthesized from xanthylic acid and L-glutamine via GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]. Guanosine triphosphate and guanosine monophosphate are biosynthesized from diguanosine tetraphosphate via bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase [asymmetrical]. In humans, guanosine monophosphate is involved in the kanamycin, telithromycin, tobramycin, and erythromycin action pathways, and several metabolic disorders including AICA-ribosiduria, adenosine deaminase deficiency, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (aprt), and 2-hydroxyglutric aciduria (D and L form) pathways. Guanosine monophosphate is also found in foods like onion-family vegetables, millet, Chinese water chestnut, and red rice, serving as a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.

Oxalic acid dihydrate (Ethanedioic acid dihydrate) is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.

β-Ionone (β-lonone) is an end-ring analog of β-carotenoids which widely distributed in fruit and vegetables,with anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic

Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) is an isoprenoid found in fruits, vegetables, and grains, including rice. Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of various tumor cells. Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) protects monocytes against statin-induced cytotoxicity and suppresses the growth of Mycobacterium.

α-Carotene is isolated from yellow-orange and dark-green vegetables. α-Carotene is used as an anti-metastatic agent or as an adjuvant for anti-cancer drugs.

Dithianon is a broad-spectrum anthraquinone fungicide with excellent adhesion to the surface of leaves and fruits, effectively controlling various fungi in specific fruits and vegetables.

NSC-226572 (Methyiin, pyrolyzate) is a synthetic analog of alliin found in cruciferous vegetables including cabbage, turnip, cauliflower, and kale. NSC-226572 is converted through alliinase activity into a volatile thiosulfinate.

Imibenconazole is a sulfonamide compound, specifically the S-4-chlorobenzyl thioester of N-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanesulfonamide. This compound is extensively used to manage a variety of fungal diseases affecting fruits, vegetables, lawns, and ornamental plants.

Thiosultap disodium, the disodium salt of thiosultap, is an organic sodium salt functioning primarily as an insecticide. It is employed in the agricultural sector to mitigate pest infestations on crops such as rice, vegetables, and fruit trees. Thiosultap disodium is designated specifically for its role in pest control and is composed of a thiosultap(1-).

Flusilazole (DPX6573) is an organosilicon fungicide with broad spectrum antifungal effects. Flusilazole can be used to control fungal infections on a variety of vegetables and fruits.

Berteroin is an erucin homolog and potential antioxidant. It is present in cruciferous vegetables, including rucola salad leaves, Chinese cabbage and mustard oil. It decreases the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated macrophages. It als

Erysolin, a sulforaphane analog found in cruciferous vegetables, induces phase II enzyme activity and inhibits growth of colon cancer cells.

α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential fatty acid found in leafy green vegetables. ALA, as part of a low saturated fat diet, helps prevent cardiovascular disease. ALA decreases blood pressure, serum cholesterol levels, and platelet aggregation.

Profenofos is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide used primarily for pest and mite control in cotton and vegetables. Profenofos causes neurotoxicity in insects and mites by interfering with nerve signaling through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity.Profenofos is relatively stable in the environment but breaks down rapidly under alkaline conditions.

6-Azathymine acid is a metabolite derived from Pymetrozine, a potent insecticide effective against plant-sucking insects like aphids and whiteflies. Pymetrozine's neuroactivity disrupts feeding behavior in these pests, making it valuable for protecting crops such as vegetables, cotton, field crops, and fruits.