superficial

Tioconazole (Vagistat) is a synthetic imidazole derivative, inhibits cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the biosynthesis of ergosterol or other sterols, damaging the fungal cell membrane, altering its permeability, and promoting loss of essential intracellular elements.

Nitrofurazone (Nitrofural; Furacilin) is an orally active nitroaromatic broad-spectrum antibiotic with activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is commonly used for establishing breast cancer models.

Fluconazole (hydrate) is a triazole antifungal agent used for oral treatment and prevention of both superficial and systemic fungal infections, including but not limited to balanitis, various Candida infections, Cryptococcus infections, dermatomycosis, and fungal infections of the respiratory and urinary tracts. As the hydrate salt form of fluconazole, it exhibits antifungal activity by inhibiting the growth and development of pathogenic fungi, such as Candida species, at minimal inhibitory concentrations often exceeding 100 mg l. Notably, it disrupts the branching and hyphal formation in C. albicans at concentrations as low as 0.3 mg l, indicating its potency compared to other antifungals like miconazole and ketoconazole which are effective at 100-fold lower concentrations. Clinical studies have not shown a significant increase in the risk of most birth defects with oral fluconazole, although there may be an associated risk of tetralogy of Fallot. Its efficacy against Cryptococcus gattii in koalas suggests it may be ineffective as a sole therapeutic agent at a dosage of 10 mg kg orally every 12 h. Toxicity symptoms from overdose can include hallucinations and paranoid behavior.

Pseudomonic acid D is a topical antibiotic agent used against superficial skin infections such as impetigo or folliculitis.

5-Chlorouracil is a chlorinated derivative of the pyrimidine nucleoside base uracil . In vivo, it is converted into chlorodeoxyuridine, which is mutagenic and genotoxic.1 Uracil is chlorinated at the 5 position in a cell-free myeloperoxidase, peroxide, and chloride system in which hypochlorous acid is formed.2 5-Chlorouracil has been found in human neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in vitro and in inflammatory human exudate isolated from sites of superficial infection. Levels of 5-chlorouracil are increased in exudate isolated from the site of inflammation in a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation and in patient-derived human atherosclerotic aortic tissue.3,4References 5-Chlorouracil is a chlorinated derivative of the pyrimidine nucleoside base uracil . In vivo, it is converted into chlorodeoxyuridine, which is mutagenic and genotoxic.1 Uracil is chlorinated at the 5 position in a cell-free myeloperoxidase, peroxide, and chloride system in which hypochlorous acid is formed.2 5-Chlorouracil has been found in human neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in vitro and in inflammatory human exudate isolated from sites of superficial infection. Levels of 5-chlorouracil are increased in exudate isolated from the site of inflammation in a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation and in patient-derived human atherosclerotic aortic tissue.3,4 References

Chlorin E6 (CE6) is a second-generation photosensitizer with antitumor activity when used in combination with irradiation. In a mouse model of implanted fibrosarcoma, Chlorin E6 (2.5-10 mg/kg, i.v., 50-200 J/cm2 irradiation) resulted in complete tumor disappearance after varying degrees of irradiation. Agents including Chlorin E6 were tested in a Phase I clinical study in patients with early superficial squamous cell carcinoma of bronchial origin with favorable results (40 mg/m2, IV, 100 J/cm2 laser irradiation). In a Phase II clinical trial in patients with early stage lung cancer, the same mode of administration resulted in a complete response in 82.9% of patients. Chlorin E6 has been investigated as a nanotechnology drug delivery tool.

Fluconazole (mesylate) is a triazole antifungal drug used for the treatment and prevention of both superficial and systemic fungal infections.

Sertaconazole nitrate (FI-7045), a topical broad-spectrum antifungal, is developed to supply an additional agent for the treatment of superficial cutaneous and mucosal infections.

1,1'-Ethylidene-bis-(L-tryptophan) is a potential impurity in L-tryptophan commercial products, promoting EoL-3 eosinophilic leukemia cell proliferation, enhancing eosinophil cationic protein release from human peripheral blood eosinophils, and boosting IL-5 production in human T cells. At 40 µg/kg, it triggers fascia thickening, mast cell infiltration, inflammation, and fibrosis in mouse superficial adipose and panniculus carnosus tissues, serving as an eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome research model.