oxygen-glucose deprivation

δ-secretase inhibitor 11 is an inhibitor of δ-secretase and can be used as a lead compound for translational development of AD treatment.

Gue1654 is a selective OXE-R inhibitor that attenuates coronary artery ligation-induced ischemic myocardial injury and cardiomyocyte oxygen glucose deprivation-induced injury in mice through activation of BCAT1.Gue1654 inhibits OXE-R-inhibited protein kinase C-ε (PKC-ε) nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Gue1654 can be used to study cardiovascular disease.

Terlipressin Acetate, a highly selective vasopressin V1 receptor agonist, on oxygen and glucose deprivation re-oxygenation (OGD R)-induced damage in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6).Terlipressin acetate exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. Terlipressin acetate has the potential for hepatorenal syndrome and norepinephrine-resistant septic shock research.

Neuroprotective agent 6 (Compound Y12) functions as an antioxidant and displays prominent neuroprotective effects in both oxygen-glucose deprivation reperfusion (OGD R) induced cell models and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) induced animal models. Additionally, this compound shows significant metal chelating activity towards Cu2+.

HZS60 is a brain-penetrant NMDAR TRPM4 inhibitor that shows promise in ameliorating cerebral ischemia. It provides significant neuroprotection against ischemic injury in primary neurons caused by NMDA and oxygen-glucose deprivation reoxygenation. HZS60 demonstrates favorable pharmacokinetic properties and can inhibit cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, positioning it as a potential inhibitor for ischemic stroke.

Desmethylanethol trithione (ADT-OH) is a derivative of anethole dithiolethione (ADT) and synthetic hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor. In the in vitro glucose-oxygen deprivation (OGD) model, Desmethylanethol trithione markedly attenuated tPA-enhanced Akt activation and VEGF expression in brain microvascular endothelial cells. Finally, Desmethylanethol trithione improved functional outcomes in mice subjected to MCAO and tPA infusion. H2S donors reduced tPA-induced cerebral hemorrhage by possibly inhibiting the Akt-VEGF-MMP9 cascade. Administration of H2S donors has potential as a novel modality to improve the safety of tPA following the stroke.

KUS121 is a valosin-containing protein (VCP) modulator that inhibits VCP ATPase activity (IC50= 330 nM).1It inhibits cell death, ATP depletion, and upregulation of C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) induced by tunicamycin, an inducer of ER stress, in HeLa cells when used at concentrations of 20, 50, and 50 μM, respectively. KUS121 (100 μM) inhibits ATP depletion and cell death induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in rat primary cortical neurons in anin vitromodel of cerebral ischemia.2It reduces infarction volume and increases the latency to fall in an accelerating rotarod test in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia induced by transient distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) when administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg immediately following occlusion and again at 50 mg/kg following reperfusion. KUS121 (50 mg/kg) inhibits thinning of the retinal outer nuclear layer and preserves visual function in an rd10 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa.1 1.Ikeda, H.O., Sasaoka, N., Koike, M., et al.Novel VCP modulators mitigate major pathologies of rd10, a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosaSci. Rep.45970(2014) 2.Kinoshita, H., Maki, T., Yasuda, K., et al.KUS121, a valosin-containing protein modulator, attenuates ischemic stroke via preventing ATP depletionSci. Rep.9(1)11519(2019)

Barlerin (8-O-Acetylshanzhiside methyl ester) has potential against cerebral ischemic injury, and its protective effect on oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury might be due to the suppression of intracellular Ca2+ elevation and caspase-3 activity, and improvement of mitochondrial energy metabolism.8-O-Acetylshanzhiside methylester can increase angiogenesis and improve functional recovery after stroke.8-O-Acetylshanzhiside methylester has protective effects on experimental myocardial ischemia injury, the effects might be due to block of myocardial inflammatory cascades through an HMGB1-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway.8-O-Acetylshanzhiside methylester protects diabetic brain against I R injury by alleviating diabetic cerebral I R injury and attenuating blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and its protective effects may involve HMGB-1 and NF-κB signalling pathway.

TAT-NEP1-40, a blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeable peptide, confers protection to PC12 cells against oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) while promoting neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, it enhances neurologic outcomes post-ischemia by mitigating apoptosis in affected cerebral regions. This compound holds potential for central nervous system (CNS) injury research, including studies on axonal regeneration and post-stroke functional recovery [1].

TAT-NEP1-40 TFA, a blood-brain barrier-permeable peptide, safeguards PC12 cells against oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and fosters neurite outgrowth. Additionally, it enhances neurological outcomes post-ischemia by curtailing apoptosis in ischemic cerebral tissues. This compound has utility in investigating central nervous system (CNS) injuries, encompassing axonal regeneration and functional recuperation following a stroke [1].

TAT-NEP1-40 acetate, a potential therapeutic for axonal regeneration and functional recovery post-stroke, safeguards PC12 cells from oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and encourages neurite outgrowth. This compound also affords cerebral protection against ischemia reperfusion injury by hindering neuronal apoptosis and can be effectively administered into rat brains [1] [2].

Anti-MI R injury agent 1 (compound 18), derived from Panaxatriol, is an orally administered, potent agent against myocardial ischemia reperfusion (MI R) injury. It improves cell viability in cardiomyocytes subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD R)-induced injury, significantly reduces myocardial infarction size, diminishes levels of circulating cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and mitigates cardiac tissue damage in rat models [1].

Tat-NTS peptide, a cell-penetrating compound, comprises the HIV-1 Tat protein transduction domain fused with a 10-amino acid sequence (residues 228-237) from the repeat III domain of annexin A1, serving as a nuclear translocation signal (NTS). This peptide hinders the interaction between annexin A1 and importin β, obstructing annexin A1's nuclear entry in primary mouse hippocampal neurons. Tat-NTS effectively prevents apoptosis triggered by glucose-oxygen deprivation and reperfusion in these neurons. When administered in vivo at a dosage of 10 mg/kg, it significantly reduces infarct size, minimizes neuronal apoptosis, and improves navigation performance in the Morris water maze test for mice subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury via middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).

Ferroptosis-IN-10 (compound D1) is an inhibitor of ferroptosis, demonstrating a potent IC50 value of 22 nM. It exhibits neuroprotective activity in the oxygen-glucose deprivation reoxygenation (OGD R) model.

Monomethyl lithospermate (Lithospermic acid monomethyl ester) has potential antiviral activity, alleviating ischemic stroke injury in vivo in middle cerebral artery occlusion mice by activating PI5K Akt signaling and protecting oxygen-glucose deprivation reoxygenation-induced SHSY-3Y cells in vitro. Monomethyl lithospermate could improve the viability of SHSY-5Y cells, inhibit mitochondrial membrane potential (MMOP) collapse, and inhibit cell apoptosis. Monomethyl lithospermate also reduced the level of oxidative stress in the brain tissue of middle artery occlusion (MCAO) rats and improved nerve damage in ischemic stroke (IS) rats.

Grifolin has anti-cancer effects, it induces apoptosis and promotes cell cycle arrest in the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line via inactivation of the ERK1/2 and Akt pathways; it enhances the differentiation and proliferation of oligodendrocyte precurs

Hinokiresinol is a novel inhibitor of LTB4 binding to the human neutrophils, it has antiallergic effect, it inhibits IgE-induced mouse passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction. Hinokiresinol (trans-hinokiresinol) and nyasol (cis-hinokiresinol) are estrogen