inhibition

1. Rhapontin (Ponticin) can alleviate liver steatosis and improve blood glucose and lipid profiles in KK Ay diabetic mice, indicates that rhaponticin has a noticeable antidiabetic effect and could be potentially used as a new agent to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications.

Sterculic acid, a stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) inhibitor, effectively suppresses delta-9 desaturase (Δ9D) activity in a dose-dependent manner, exhibiting an inhibition concentration (IC50) value of 0.9 μM [1].

(-)-α-Terpineol has antitumour, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, it inhibits the growth of tumour cells through a mechanism that involves inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway

Lornoxicam (Chlortenoxicam) (chlortenoxicam) is a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the oxicam class with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. Lornoxicam differs from other oxicam compounds in its potent inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis, a property that explains the particularly pronounced efficacy of the drug. Lornoxicam is approved for use in Japan.

Methyl gallate (Gallincin) is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor with antioxidant, anti-HIV-1 and HIV-1 enzyme inhibition activities.

Phloretin (NSC-407292) is a well-known inhibitor of eukaryotic urea transporters, blocks VacA-mediated urea and ion transport. Phloretin is a dihydrochalcone, a type of natural phenols. It can be found in apple tree leaves and the Manchurian apricot. It promotes potent antioxidative activities in peroxynitrite scavenging and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. It has been found to inhibit the growth of several cancer cells and induce apoptosis of B16 melanoma and HL60 human leukemia cells.

Ammonium formate (Formic acid ammonium salt) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity, the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Cell death from cytochrome oxidase inhibition by formate is believed to result partly from depletion of ATP, reducing energy concentrations so that essential cell functions cannot be maintained. Furthermore, inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formate may also cause cell death by increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to the blockade of the electron transport chain.

Phenyl acetate (Acetic acid phenyl ester) is an aromatic fatty acid metabolite of phenylalanine with potential antineoplastic activity. Naturally occurring in mammals, phenylacetate induces differentiation, growth inhibition, and apoptosis in tumor cells.

D-(-)-Arabinose is a reducing sugar useful as a substrate in analysis of arabinose isomerases and synthesis of D-erythroascorbic acid in yeast. It shows strong growth inhibition against the Caenorhabditis elegans with an IC50 of 7.5 mM.

Danofloxacin mesylate (CP 76136-27) is a synthetic antibacterial agent of the fluoroquinolone class that primarily inhibits bacterial DNA-gyrase.

1. 2-Methoxycinnamic acid (o-Methoxycinnamic acid) can enhance inhibition of tyrosinase activity.

β-Glycerophosphate is a classical serine-threonine phosphatase inhibitor used in kinase reaction buffers. BGP is often used in combination with other phosphatase protease inhibitors for broad spectrum inhibition. It functions as an organic phosphate donor

Mupirocin calcium hydrate is an antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens, showed a high level of activity against staphylococci and streptococci and against certain gram-negative bacteria

Capreomycin sulfate (Capastat sulfate) , a cyclic peptide antibiotic, binds to the 70S ribosomal unit leading to inhibition of protein synthesis.

1. Methyl eugenol (4-allylveratrole) is a natural constituent of the essential oils of a number of plants widely used in foodstuffs as flavouring agents, in view of the carcinogenic potential of ME, the need to check its presence in food products with effective analytical methods. 2. Methyleugenol has insecticidal properties. 3. Methyleugenol can inhibit the production of nitric oxide and decreased the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, it down-regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ischemic brain as well as in immunostimulated mixed glial cells; indicates that methyleugenol could be useful for the treatment of ischemia inflammation-related diseases. 4. Methyleugenol has cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. 5. Intravenous (i.v.) treatment with methyleugenol (ME) in either anesthetized or conscious rats elicits hypotension, an effect that seems related to an active vascular relaxation rather than withdrawal of sympathetic tone. 6. Methyleugenol has antinociceptive effect on the second phase of formalin-induced pain, may be due to the inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor-mediated hyperalgesia via GABA(A) receptors. 7. Methyleugenol has elaxant and antispasmodic actions on guinea-pig isolated ileum.

Methyl acetylsalicylate (ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID METHYL ESTER) is a natural product isolated from Pisum sativum. Inhibition of collagen-induced human platelet rich plasma aggregation

Terbinafine (TDT 067) is a synthetic allylamine derivative with antifungal activity. Terbinafine exerts its effect through inhibition of squalene epoxidase, thereby blocking the biosynthesis of ergosterol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. As a result, this agent disrupts fungal cell membrane synthesis and inhibits fungal growth.

DL-Tryptophan ((±)-Tryptophan) containing dipeptides are interesting ingredients for functional foods as a natural prevention for hypertension with reduced side effects due to its selective inhibition of the C-domain. Low thalamic Tryptophan uptake appears to be a strong, independent predictor of long survival in patients with previous glioma treatment.

Galangin (Norizalpinin) is an agonist antagonist of the arylhydrocarbon receptor, and also shows inhibition of CYP1A1 activity.

Sclareol, a labdane-type diterpene isolated from clary sage (Salvia sclarea), exerts growth inhibition and cytotoxic activity against a variety of human Y cell lines.

1. 3-Butylidenephthalide (Butylidene phthalide) has antihyperglycemic effect is due to inhibition of α-glucosidase at the intestinal level, inhibited the activity of yeast-α-glucosidase (IC(5) 2.35 mM) in a noncompetitive fashion with a K(i) of 4.86 mM.

Allicin exerts antioxidant, bactericidal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, it exerts an inhibitory immunomodulatory effect on intestinal epithelial cells. Allicin could significantly inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells' proliferation and migration induced by insulin, which may be related to the inhibition of the activation of ERK signal path. Allicin is beneficial in reducing blood cholesterol, triglycerides levels and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolemic rats, it may beneficially affect two risk factors for atherosclerosis-hyperlipidemia and hypertension.

Protocatechuic acid (3, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid) (3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) is a natural phenolic compound found in many edible and medicinal plants. Recent studies indicate that it could be used as a protective agent against cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. The mechanism of its action is mostly associated with antioxidant activity, including inhibition of generation as well as scavenging of free radicals and up-regulating enzymes which participate in their neutralization.

Naringin (Naringoside), a flavanone glycoside, exerts various of pharmacological effects such as blood lipid lowering, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, and inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes.