human

Glucagon significantly impacts protein and amino acid metabolism. It hinders the integration of amino acids into the proteins of the liver, muscle, and pancreas, augmenting nitrogen excretion and stimulating hepatic urea synthesis. Additionally, it elevates hepatic transaminase and urea cycle enzyme levels. Glucagon also enhances hepatic amino acid uptake, facilitating their conversion into liver glycogen, and reduces blood amino acid concentrations [1].

β-CGRP, human ,a 37-amino acid peptide,is the beta form of Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (β-CGRP), involved extensively in regulation of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. β-CGRP contains a disulphide bridge at the N-terminus, a C-terminal phenylal

LY294002 (SF 1101) is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of PI3K, inhibiting PI3Kα, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kβ (IC50=0.5/0.57/0.97 μM). LY294002 is also an inhibitor of DNA-PK (IC50=1.4 μM) and an inhibitor of CK2 (IC50=98 nM). LY294002 activates apoptosis and autophagy.

DFP00173 is a potent and selective aquaporin 3 (AQP3) inhibitor, with an IC50 of approximately 0.1-0.4 μM for both mouse and human AQP3. It demonstrates selectivity for AQP3 compared to homologous AQP subtypes AQP7 and AQP9.

Furegrelate sodium (U-63557A) is a selective thromboxane synthase inhibitor with oral activity. Furegrelate sodium(U-63557A) inhibits thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthase in human platelet microsomes with an IC50 of 15 nM.

R547 (Ro 4584820) is a potent ATP-competitive inhibitor of CDK1/2/4 with Ki of 2 nM/3 nM/1 nM. It is less potent to CDK7 and GSK3α/β, while inactive to other kinases. Phase 1.

Imiquimod (R 837) is an immune response modifier and a toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist with antiviral and antitumor effects. It is used in the study of external genital warts, perianal warts, cancer, and COVID-19, and is commonly employed to induce psoriasis models.

Inosine (NSC-20262), an endogenous purine nucleoside produced by the catabolism of adenosine, is an agonist of adenosine receptors A1R and A2AR. Inosine has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antinociceptive and neuroprotective effects.

Avobenzone is a dibenzoylmethane endocrine disruptor that binds directly to estrogen receptor β, acting as an estrogen agonist. It is one of the most widely used filters in sunscreens for photoprotection of skin in the UV band.

Apixaban (BMS-562247-01) is an orally active anticoagulant that inhibits coagulation factor Xa, directly preventing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and the formation of cross-linked fibrin clots.

Plerixafor (AMD-3329), a chemokine receptor antagonist, blocks the binding of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1alpha) to the cellular receptor CXCR4.

Prochloraz (Prelude) is a broad-spectrum contact imidazole fungicide. Prochloraz inhibits human placental microsomal aromatase in vitro (IC50 = 40 nM). Prochloraz also acts as an estrogen receptor (IC50s = 25 μM) and androgen receptor (IC50 = 4 μM) antagonist, and activates aryl hydrocarbon receptors (EC50 = 1 μM).

Linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic acid) is a naturally occurring polyunsaturated fatty acid found in animal and vegetable oils. Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid that is part of membrane phospholipids.

Abametapir (BRN 0123183), a metalloproteinase inhibitor, is able to target metalloproteinases critical to egg hatching and louse development.

Obtusin is a natural product.

1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate sodium, a phosphatidic acid, is an endogenous human metabolite.

1-Methylxanthine is a caffeine derivative. 1-Methylxanthine is an essential human urinary metabolite of caffeine and theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine, TP). 1-Methylxanthine enhances the radiosensitivity of tumor cells.

hDHODH-IN-1 is a human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (hDHODH) inhibitor exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties.

LY2365109 hydrochloride is a potent and selective GlyT1 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 15.8 nM for glycine uptake in cells over-expressing [hGlyT1a].

Puerarin-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Puerarin4'-O-glucoside) is a natural product isolated from Pueraria lobata root, exhibiting estrogenic activity and anti-proliferative effects in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells.

O-Desmethyl gefitinib inhibits EGFR (IC50: 36 nM in subcellular assays). In human plasma, O-Desmethyl gefitinib is an active metabolite of Gefitinib. The formation of O-desmethyl gefitinib is dependent on the CYP2D6 activity.

Kartogenin (KGN) is an activator of the smad4/smad5 pathway, and promotes the selective differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes.

Varespladib (LY315920), a specific and effective human non-pancreatic secretory phospholipase A2 (hnsPLA) inhibitor(IC50=7 nM), has been investigated for the treatment and prevention of sickle cell disease, vaso-occlusive crisis, and acute coronary syndrome.

BCATc Inhibitor 2 exhibited an IC50 of 0.8 microM in the hBCATc assays; it is an active and selective inhibitor. BCATc Inhibitor 2 also blocked calcium influx into neuronal cells following inhibition of glutamate uptake, and demonstrated neuroprotective e