glut4

BAY-876 is an orally active, selective inhibitor of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1, IC50= 2 nM), exhibiting over 130-fold greater selectivity for GLUT1 than GLUT2, GLUT3, and GLUT4. It also inhibits glycolytic metabolism and ovarian cancer growth.

β-Aminopropionitrile (3-Aminopropionitrile) is a selective inhibitor of lysyl oxidase.

KL-11743 specifically blocks glucose metabolism, triggering an acute collapse in NADH pools and a striking accumulation of aspartate, indicating a dramatic shift toward oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria.

GLUT4-IN-2 is a specific GLUT4 inhibitor that inhibits GLUT1 and GLUT4.GLUT4-IN-2 has antitumor activity, induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and can be used for cancer research.

GLUT4 activator 1 is a potent glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation activator (EC50: 0.14 μM).

Rhoifolin (Apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside) is extracted from Turpinia arguya Seem dried leaves.

1. Apigenin 7-glucoside (Cosmosiin) is a anti-HIV agent. 2. Cosmosiin may be beneficial for diabetic complications through their enhanced adiponectin secretion, tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor-β and GLUT4 translocation.

M617 acetate is a selective agonist of galanin receptor 1 (GAL1). M617 acetate acts through central GAL1, promotes GLUT4 expression, and enhances GLUT4 content in the cardiac muscle of type 2 diabetic rats. The Ki values are 0.23 and 5.71 nM for GAL1 and GAL2, respectively.

15-SAHSA, a branched fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), is recognized for its involvement in metabolic regulation. This compound comprises stearic acid esterified to 5-hydroxy stearic acid and is notably influenced by dietary changes, such as fasting and high-fat consumption, with a link to insulin sensitivity. SAHSA levels are specifically found to be moderately increased in the serum of AG4OX mice, which are characterized by their glucose tolerance through the overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter in adipose tissue. Given the established functions of FAHFAs in enhancing glucose tolerance, prompting insulin secretion, and exerting anti-inflammatory properties, 5-SAHSA emerges as a potential bioactive lipid implicated in the management of metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are lipids influenced by dietary changes, playing a crucial role in insulin sensitivity. These compounds typically consist of a C-16 or C-18 fatty acid (for example, palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) linked to a hydroxy fatty acid with the same carbon chain length. 13-PAHSA, a derivative where palmitic acid is esterified to 13-hydroxy stearic acid, is notably prevalent in the adipose tissue of glucose-tolerant AG4OX mice, which exhibit enhanced glucose transport via the overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter. This observation, along with the metabolic benefits seen from other FAHFAs—including improved glucose tolerance, stimulated insulin secretion, and anti-inflammatory properties—suggests that 13-PAHSA may function as a bioactive lipid beneficial in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

13-OAHSA, a branched fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), results from the esterification of oleic acid to 13-hydroxy stearic acid. It represents a significant component of the FAHFA family, most abundantly expressed in the serum of glucose-tolerant AG4OX mice that exhibit adipose tissue-specific overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter. Similar to other FAHFAs which are known to enhance glucose tolerance, stimulate insulin secretion, and exert anti-inflammatory effects, 13-OAHSA may play a pivotal role in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

CTPI-2 is an inhibitor of mitochondrial citrate carrier SLC25A1 with(KD : 3.5 μM). CTPI-2 inhibits glycolysis, PPARγ, and its downstream target the glucose transporter GLUT4. CTPI-2 exhibits anti-tumor activity.CTPI-2 halts salient alterations of NASH reverting steatosis, preventing the evolution to steatohepatitis, reducing inflammatory macrophage infiltration in the liver and adipose tissue, and starkly mitigating obesity induced by a high-fat diet.

Antidiabetic agent 7 (Compound 5m) functions as a potent hyperglycemia inhibitor. It effectively stimulates GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle cells by activating the AMPK-dependent pathway. Additionally, this compound is capable of reducing blood glucose levels and exhibits favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Antidiabetic agent 7 is suitable for research related to antihyperglycemic treatments.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are newly identified endogenous lipids regulated by fasting and high-fat feeding and associated with insulin sensitivity. Structurally, these esters are comprised of a C-16 or C-18 fatty acid (e.g., palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) linked to either a C-16 or C-18 hydroxy substituent. 12-PAHSA is a FAHFA in which palmitic acid is esterified at the 12th carbon of hydroxy stearic acid. Among the FAHFA family members, PAHSAs are the most abundant in the adipose tissue of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, which overexpress the Glut4 glucose transporter specifically in adipose tissue. 12-PAHSA is present at 2- to 3-fold higher levels in adipose tissue of AG4OX mice compared to wild type mice. Levels of 12-PAHSA are also higher in fasted wild-type mice compared to fed mice and are reduced upon high-fat diet-induced obesity in insulin-resistant mice.

Compound 19, also known as Antidiabetic agent 6, is an antidiabetic compound. It stimulates the translocation of GLUT4 by activating the PI3K AKT-dependent signaling pathway. Furthermore, this compound reduces blood glucose levels in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin.

13-SAHSA, a branched fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), has been found to be involved in metabolic regulation, particularly in relation to fasting, high-fat feeding, and insulin sensitivity. This compound is a synthesis of stearic acid and 13-hydroxy stearic acid. Notably, 13-SAHSA levels are found to be moderately increased in the serum of AG4OX mice, which are characterized by their glucose tolerance and expression of the Glut4 glucose transporter specifically in their adipose tissue. Similar to other FAHFAs, 13-SAHSA is believed to play a significant role in enhancing glucose tolerance, stimulating insulin secretion, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects, indicating its potential importance in addressing conditions related to metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) have emerged as significant regulators of metabolic processes, influenced by dietary changes such as fasting and high-fat diets, and are linked to improved insulin sensitivity in mice. These compounds typically feature a fatty acid chain, either C-16 or C-18 in length (for example, palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid), esterified to a hydroxy fatty acid of similar length. A specific FAHFA, 12-POHSA, involves the esterification of palmitoleic acid to the 12th carbon of stearic acid. Notably, 12-POHSA levels are markedly higher in the serum of AG4OX mice, which exhibit enhanced glucose tolerance due to overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter in adipose tissue. Given the capacity of FAHFAs to enhance glucose tolerance, stimulate insulin secretion, and exert anti-inflammatory actions, 12-POHSA holds potential as a bioactive lipid implicated in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are endogenous lipids that are influenced by fasting and high-fat diets and linked to improved insulin sensitivity in mice. These compounds typically feature a chain of either 16 or 18 carbon atoms (for example, palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) esterified with a hydroxy fatty acid chain of similar length. One specific FAHFA, known as 5-OAHSA, consists of oleic acid bonded to the fifth carbon of hydroxy stearic acid. Within the FAHFA family, OAHSAs exhibit the highest serum levels in AG4OX mice, which are known for their glucose tolerance attributed to the overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter in adipose tissue.

MitoPQ (MitoParaquat) is a mitochondria-targeted small molecule compound that selectively enhances mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide levels and inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and translocation of glucose transport protein 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane in adipocytes and myotubes.MitoPQ can be used to MitoPQ can be used to study mitochondrial oxidative stress and regulated GLUT4 transporter.

1.(-)-Licarin B (Licarine B) has anti-mycobacterial activity.

Insulin sensitizer C59 is an orally available insulin sensitizer that improves glucose uptake and can be used to study insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation.

Nepodin has antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory activities, it shows significant cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitory activity. Nepodin has an antidiabetic effect, which is at least partly mediated by stimulation of GLUT4 translocation via AMPK activation by n

10-PAHSA is a newly identified endogenous lipid that belongs to a collection of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). It is a FAHFA in which palmitic acid is esterified to 10-hydroxy stearic acid. Among the FAHFA family members, PAHSAs are the most abundant in the adipose tissue of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, which overexpress the Glut4 glucose transporter specifically in adipose tissue. As other FAHFAs improve glucose tolerance, stimulate insulin secretion, and have anti-inflammatory effects, 10-PAHSA may be a bioactive lipid with roles in metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are newly identified endogenous lipids regulated by fasting and high-fat feeding and associated with insulin sensitivity. Structurally, these esters are comprised of a C-16 or C-18 fatty acid (e.g., palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) linked to a hydroxylated C-16 or C-18 lipid. 9-PAHSA is a FAHFA in which palmitic acid is esterified to 9-hydroxy stearic acid. PAHSAs are the most abundant forms of FAHFA in serum as well as white and brown adipose tissues of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, which overexpress Glut4 specifically in adipose tissue. 9-PAHSA is the predominant isomer of PAHSA in wild type and AG4OX mice. It is found in humans and is reduced in the serum and adipose tissues of insulin-resistant humans. 9-PAHSA improves glucose tolerance, stimulates insulin secretion, and has anti-inflammatory effects in mice.