carotenoid

β-Apo-8'-carotenal (Apocarotenal) is a carotenoid present in spinach and citrus fruits, utilized in fat-based foods (margarine, sauces, salad dressings), beverages, dairy products, and sweets.

Carotenoid mixture is a mixture of carotenoids that contains the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory carotenoid capsanthin and the antioxidative vitamin A precursor β-carotene , as well as additional carotenoids and carotenoid esters.1,2,3,4 1.Kim, J.S., Lee, W.M., Rhee, H.C., et al.Red paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) and its main carotenoids, capsanthin and β-carotene, prevent hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of gap-junction intercellular communicationChem. Biol. Interact.254146-155(2016) 2.Narisawa, T., Fukaura, Y., Hasebe, M., et al.Prevention of N-methylnitrosourea-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats by oxygenated carotenoid capsanthin and capsanthin-rich paprika juiceProc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.224(2)116-122(2000) 3.Horie, S., Okuda, C., T., Y., et al.Purified canola lutein selectively inhibits specific isoforms of mammalian DNA polymerases and reduces inflammatory responseLipids45(8)713-721(2010) 4.Negishi, H., Ueda, Y., and Azuma, M.Antioxidant fat-soluble vitamins and lipid peroxides in serumJ. Clin. Biochem. Nutr.26227-234(1999)

Zeaxanthin is a dietary carotenoid that accumulates in the retina (particularly the macula) and has antioxidant activity that may improve obesity, prevent age-related macular degeneration, and protect against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Lycopene (ψ,ψ-Carotene) is a linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard aging and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet.

Astaxanthin (trans-Astaxanthin) is a keto-carotenoid in the terpenes class of chemical compounds. It is classified as a xanthophyll but it is a carotenoid with no vitamin A activity. It is present in most red-colored aquatic organisms. Astaxanthin has shown to mediate anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. It may be found in fish feed or some animal food as a color additive.

Crocin is a water-soluble carotenoid pigment of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Crocin has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, anti-asthma, anti-cancer, and hypolipidemic effects.

Canthaxanthin (E 161g) is a red-orange carotenoid that belongs to the xanthophyll group. This naturally occurring pigment is present in bacteria, algae and some fungi.

11-cis Retinal is a chromophore that binds to opsin in the mammalian visual system as an inverse agonist forming the inactive conformation of rhodopsin. When 11-cis retinal absorbs a photon of light, it isomerizes to form all-trans retinal beginning the phototransduction cycle, which is the basis for mammalian vision. A G121L mutation in opsin allows 11-cis retinal to bind as a partial agonist and activate rhodopsin in the absence of light. In a moth model of carotenoid deficiency-induced low visual sensitivity, 11-cis retinal application to compound eyes restored visual sensitivity almost completely.

β-Cryptoxanthin is isolated from Satsuma mandarin orange with an anti-stress effect. It is an oxygenated carotenoid and an antioxidant.

Bixin is an orally active carotenoid that modulates TLR4/NF-κB, Nrf2, and ROS to mitigate high-fat diet-induced cardiac injury in mice and induces apoptosis in A549, HeLa, and MCF-7 cells.

α-Carotene is a natural carotenoid and precursor to vitamin A, exhibiting antioxidant and potential anti-cancer properties; high dietary intake of α-carotene may reduce prostate cancer risk.

β-Carotene-13C10 (Provitamin A-13C10) is a form of β-Carotene labeled with 13C. It is a carotenoid compound and serves as a natural precursor to vitamin A. This compound acts as a regulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS), exhibiting both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Depending on its intrinsic characteristics and the redox potential of the biological environment, β-Carotene can function either as an antioxidant or a pro-oxidant. It also possesses anticancer activity, inducing apoptosis in breast cancer cells.

Astaxanthin dipalmitate is a type of carotenoid. It can be used for coloring rainbow trout and sea trout. Carotenoids possess significant biological activities and may play roles in regulating cell differentiation, growth control, photoprotection, membrane stability, photosynthesis, visual processes, and nutrition.

Astaxanthin monopalmitate (Astaxanthin palmitate) is an esterified form of astaxanthin, a type of carotenoid. Upon degradation, Astaxanthin monopalmitate yields a mixture of free and palmitate apo-astaxanthins. Carotenoids possess significant biological activity and may play roles in regulating cell differentiation, growth control, photoprotection, membrane stability, photosynthesis, vision, and nutrition.

Picolinafen is a pyridine herbicide that functions as an inhibitor of phytoene desaturase (PDS) and is utilized for its ability to manage the growth of broadleaf weeds by disrupting carotenoid biosynthesis. It exhibits cytotoxicity towards porcine trophoblast cells (pTr) and porcine luminal epithelial cells (pLE). By inducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), depleting calcium, and activating MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways, Picolinafen leads to reduced cell viability, increased apoptosis, impaired migration abilities, and altered expression of implantation-related genes, ultimately affecting the implantation capability of pTr cells. The LD50 value of Picolinafen for mammals is 2.7 mg/kg, and it is 7 μg/L for fish. Additionally, Picolinafen shows toxic effects during zebrafish embryonic development.

Dichlormate is an inhibitor of normal carotenoid production in yellowing wheat. It can result in the accumulation of carotenoid precursors in plants. By inhibiting carotenoid synthesis, Dichlormate exhibits phytotoxicity, leading to photodestruction of chlorophyll and chloroplast damage.

Crocin (Gardenia Yellow) is a water-soluble carotenoid pigment of saffron (Crocus sativus L. ) that has been used as a spice for flavoring and coloring food preparations, and in Chinese traditional medicine as an anodyne or tranquilizer. Crocin suppresses tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha-induced apoptosis of pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells by modulating mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 family proteins, which trigger downstream signals culminating in caspase-3 activation followed by cell death. Crocin prevented the activation of nSMase by enhancing the transcription of gamma-glutamylcysteinyl synthase, which contributes to a stable glutathione supply that blocks the activity of nSMase.

Hepaxanthin is a carotenoid.

Capsorubin is a carotenoid with a variety of biological activities. capsorubin inhibited lipid peroxidation induced by 2,2′-azino(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN) at a concentration of 167 μM. capsorubin (1 μM) reduced uvb-induced DNA strand breaks and apoptosis in human dermal fibroblasts. formation. It also inhibited the activation of ebvirus early antigen (EBV-EA) induced by 12-carnosine 13-acetate fobo in Raji cells.

Crocin-4, a carotenoid compound found in saffron, possesses potent antioxidant properties and can penetrate the brain. It effectively inhibits the aggregation and deposition of Aβ fibrils, making it useful for Alzheimer's Disease research. Additionally, Crocin-4 demonstrates antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities.

Rehmannioside D is a carotenoid glycoside that existed in the roots of Rehmannia glutinosa.

Crocin IV (Dicrocin), a crocetin glycoside from the carotenoid pigments, exhibits significant antioxidant activity [1].

Fucoxanthin (all-trans-Fucoxanthin) is a carotenoid naturally found in certain algae, serving as an accessory pigment in the chloroplasts of brown algae and most other heterokonts, which imparts a brown or olive-green color. It exhibits anti-obesity, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities.

Norbixin, a carotenoid found in B. orellana, exhibits various biological activities including binding to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) with a Ki of 1.15 µM in a cell-free assay. At a dosage of 47.7 mg/kg, norbixin effectively alleviates hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance, in addition to reducing serum lipid levels, cardiac thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and glutathione (GSH) in rat cardio-metabolic syndrome models. It also lowers serum levels of oxidized LDL, aortic protein oxidation, and the atherosclerotic area in a rabbit cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis model. Furthermore, norbixin, administered at 0.1 and 1 mg/kg per day, minimizes mercury-induced DNA damage in rat hepatocytes and leukocytes and prevents photoreceptor degeneration in an Abca4-/- Rdh8-/- mouse model of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).