astrocytoma

D-64131 is a tubulin polymerization inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.53 μM.

MCP110 is an inhibitor of the interaction of Ras with Raf-1 and can be used in studies about the treatment of human tumors.

Setmelanotide (RM-493) is a selective melanocortin-4 receptor agonist with EC50 values of 0.27 and 0.28 nM for human and rat MC4R. Setmelanotide enhances cAMP signaling, demonstrates functional selectivity, activates sympathetic preganglionic neurons to influence blood pressure, and is widely used to probe MC4R-MRAP2 interactions. Setmelanotide contributes to obesity-related research by modulating hunger and satiety circuits, reversing risperidone-induced weight gain in mice, and helping characterize MC4R variants in pediatric metabolic disorders. The anti-inflammatory actions of Setmelanotide in astrocytoma cells and the utility in combination with calorie restriction further highlight its broad value in metabolic and neuroendocrine research.

MRS2603 is an antagonist of P2Y1 and P2Y13 receptors in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells.

Antineoplaston A10 (NSC-648539) is a Ras inhibitor potentially for the treatment of glioma, lymphoma, astrocytoma and breast cancer.

Rp-Uridine-5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate) (Rp-UTP-α-S) serves as a nucleotide agonist for purinergic P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors, effectively inducing inositol phosphate accumulation within 1321N1 astrocytoma cells that express either P2Y2 or P2Y4 receptors, with EC50 values of 5.4 and 27 µM, respectively.

Sp-Uridine-5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate) (Sp-UTP-α-S) acts as a nucleotide agonist for purinergic Y2 (P2Y2) and P2Y4 receptors, efficiently inducing inositol phosphate accumulation in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells that express these receptors, with half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50s) of 14 µM and 81 µM, respectively.

Rp-2'-Deoxyuridine-5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate) (Rp-dUTP-α-S), a sulfur-containing nucleotide isomer and purinergic P2Y2 receptor agonist, preferentially promotes inositol phosphate accumulation in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells with P2Y2 receptors (EC50 = 12.5 µM) compared to those expressing P2Y4 receptors at a concentration of 10 µM.

Uridine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (UTP-γ-S) is a hydrolysis-resistant UTP derivative and an agonist of the purinergic P2Y2 receptor. It effectively induces inositol phosphate formation in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells harboring the human P2Y2 receptor (EC50 = 240 nM) and stimulates chloride secretion in a dose-dependent manner in primary nasal epithelial cells from cystic fibrosis patients. Moreover, UTP-γ-S prompts vasoconstriction in isolated human coronary arteries (EC50 = 25.1 µM).

BT317 is a brain-penetrant dual inhibitor of mitochondrial LonP1 protease and CT-L proteasome activity. BT317 increases ROS levels, induces apoptosis in astrocytoma cells, and exhibits antitumor effects.