alcoholic

(R)-Citronellol ((R)-(+)-β-Citronellol) is found in herbs and spices, as well as bilberry. (R)-Citronellol is a constituent of black cumin (Nigella sativa) seeds. (R)-Citronellol is a common constituent of plant oils, especially in the Rutaceae.

PTUPB is a potent dual inhibitor of sEH and COX-2 enzymes with IC50 values of 0.9 nM and 1.26 μM, respectively.

Vidofludimus (SC12267) (4SC-101, SC12267) is a novel small molecule inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH).

CP-24879 hydrochloride (CP-24879 HCl), a Δ5D/Δ6D dual-inhibitor, can significantly reduce intracellular lipid accumulation and inflammatory injury in hepatocytes. CP-24879 hydrochloride exhibits superior antisteatotic and anti-inflammatory actions in fat-1 and ω-3-treated hepatocytes.

Glycolithocholic acid (Lithocholic acid glycine conjugate) is a glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid.

Antrodin A (camphorataanhydride A) (AdA) is one of the main active ingredients in the solid-state fermented A. camphorata mycelium. It protects the liver from alcohol damage by improving the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of the liver and maintaining the stability of the intestinal flora.

IMM-H007 is a novel lipid-lowering agent, increasing abca1 protein expression

Resmetirom (MGL-3196) is a THR-β agonist (EC50=0.21 μM), with high selectivity and oral activity. Resmetirom can be used in the research of non-cirrhotic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Selvigaltin (GB1211) is an orally administered, highly selective small-molecule inhibitor of galectin-3 (Gal-3) with an IC₅₀ value of 12 nM in rabbits, exhibiting anticancer and anti-fibrotic activity. Selvigaltin reduces galectin-3 levels in the liver and decreases biomarkers of inflammation (cellular foci) and fibrosis (PSR, SHG), while simultaneously lowering the mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory and fibrotic biomarkers (IL-6, TGF-β3, SNAI2, collagen). Selvigaltin also restores T-cell activity and reduces tumor growth and metastasis. Selvigaltin is suitable for use in studies of liver fibrosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and tumors.

Omaveloxolone (RTA-408) is an oral, potent, and selective activator of the nuclear factor erythropoietin-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, as well as a low-potency PPARγ agonist. Omaveloxolone inhibits osteoclast formation by suppressing the STING-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway. Omaveloxolone is being investigated for use in ALS, multiple sclerosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, neurodegenerative diseases, and oncology research.

Retatrutide is a triple receptor agonist targeting the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), and glucagon receptor (GCGR), with FDA approval for the indication of obesity.Retatrutide may be used in studies of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

INT-767 is a potent farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/TGR5 dual agonist that prevents NASH and promotes visceral adipose brown lipogenesis and mitochondrial function for the study of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

INT-777 (S-EMCA) is a potent, selective TGR5 agonist with an EC₅₀ of 0.82 μM. Following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats, INT-777 inhibits NLRP5-ASC inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation via the TGR3/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. INT-777 exhibits multiple effects, including metabolic regulation, anti-inflammatory activity, cholagogue effects, and vascular protection. INT-777 can be used in research on diseases such as metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Apararenone (MT-3995) is a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist indicated for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetic nephropathy.

Berberine ursodeoxycholate (HTD1801) is an orally effective hypolipidemic agent, an ionic salt of Berberine and Ursodeoxycholic acid.Berberine ursodeoxycholate has a wide range of metabolic activity and significantly reduces liver fat content. Berberine ursodeoxycholate has been used in studies of hyperlipidemia, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and diabetes.

S-Allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) is an organic sulfur compound extracted from garlic, with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It protects against hepatocellular damage, improves alcoholic liver disease by modulating insulin receptor signaling, and enhances anti-tumor immunity by inhibiting PD-L1 expression.

D-Panthenol (D-Pantothenyl alcohol) is an alcoholic analogue of D-pantothenic acid and cholinergic agent. D-Panthenol acts as a precursor of coenzyme A necessary for acetylation reactions and is involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine. Although the exact mechanism of the actions of D-Panthenol is unclear, it may enhance the effect of acetylcholine. D-Panthenol acts on the gastrointestinal tract and increases lower intestinal motility. It is also applied topically to the skin to relieve itching and to promote healing.

Ethyl nonanoate (Ethyl pelargonate) is an abundant ester in spirits, and its presence is usually associated with the aroma of alcoholic beverages.

Anise alcohol is a natural aromatic alcohol suitable for biochemical experiments and drug synthesis research.

5-Methyl-2-Hexanol is a non-crystallizable secondary alcohol used as an internal standard for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of aroma compounds from grape brandies and aqueous-alcoholic wood extracts.

Isoamyl salicylate is an ester compound widely used in biochemical experiments and drug synthesis research.

Royal Jelly Acid (Queen Bee Acid) is a major fatty acid found in royal jelly that promotes neuronal growth and protection and reduces anxiety. Royal Jelly Acid induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis in A549 cells, improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by activating the AMPK-α signaling pathway, and reduces bone loss by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway downstream of FFAR4. Royal Jelly Acid also exhibits inhibitory effects against various bacteria and fungi, including Aspergillus niger, mold, and Staphylococcus aureus. By targeting aspartyl β-hydroxylase and inhibiting chondrocyte senescence, Royal Jelly Acid exerts a preventive and therapeutic effect against osteoarthritis.

N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) is a carcinogenic dialkylnitrosamine commonly found in water, tobacco smoke, cheddar cheese, pickled foods, fried foods, and various alcoholic beverages; it is associated with alterations in nucleases involved in DNA repair and replication, targets organs such as the nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, esophagus, and liver to induce tumors in animals, and is most commonly used to induce liver cancer models.

2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethan-1-ol (3-(2-Hydroxyethyl)indole) is a metabolite formed in the liver after disulfiram treatment that induces sleep in humans. It is also a secondary product of alcoholic fermentation.