alcoholic

Apararenone (MT-3995) is a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist indicated for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetic nephropathy.

INT-767 is a potent farnesoid X receptor (FXR) TGR5 dual agonist that prevents NASH and promotes visceral adipose brown lipogenesis and mitochondrial function for the study of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Berberine ursodeoxycholate (HTD1801) is an orally effective hypolipidemic agent, an ionic salt of Berberine and Ursodeoxycholic acid.Berberine ursodeoxycholate has a wide range of metabolic activity and significantly reduces liver fat content. Berberine ursodeoxycholate has been used in studies of hyperlipidemia, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and diabetes.

S-Allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) is an organic sulfur compound extracted from garlic, with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. It protects against hepatocellular damage, improves alcoholic liver disease by modulating insulin receptor signaling, and enhances anti-tumor immunity by inhibiting PD-L1 expression.

H-Asp(OtBu)-OtBu HCl is an aspartic acid derivative that may be used to study comparative neurological function and metabolic disorders of non-alcoholic hepatitis.

2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethan-1-ol (3-(2-Hydroxyethyl)indole) is a metabolite formed in the liver after disulfiram treatment that induces sleep in humans. It is also a secondary product of alcoholic fermentation.

2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is found in alcoholic beverages.2, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a food flavour ingredient and flavour modifie.

Hexyl hexanoate is found in alcoholic beverages. Hexyl hexanoate is used in fruit flavouring. Hexyl hexanoate is present in many fruits, Parmesan cheese, alcoholic beverages and black tea. Hexyl hexanoate is a volatile component from fruit ripening.

Ethyl nonanoate (Ethyl pelargonate) is an abundant ester in spirits, and its presence is usually associated with the aroma of alcoholic beverages.

D-Panthenol (D-Pantothenyl alcohol) is an alcoholic analogue of D-pantothenic acid and cholinergic agent. D-Panthenol acts as a precursor of coenzyme A necessary for acetylation reactions and is involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine. Although the exact mechanism of the actions of D-Panthenol is unclear, it may enhance the effect of acetylcholine. D-Panthenol acts on the gastrointestinal tract and increases lower intestinal motility. It is also applied topically to the skin to relieve itching and to promote healing.

N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) is a potent hepatocarcinogenic dialkylnitrosoamine primarily found in water, tobacco smoke, cheddar cheese, cured and fried meals, and many alcoholic beverages. NDEA is responsible for changes in nuclear enzymes related to DNA repair replication and induces various tumors in all animal species, targeting mainly the liver, nasal cavity, trachea, lung, and esophagus.

Vidofludimus (SC12267) (4SC-101, SC12267) is a novel small molecule inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH).

Glycolithocholic acid (Lithocholic acid glycine conjugate) is a glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid.

Antrodin A (camphorataanhydride A) (AdA) is one of the main active ingredients in the solid-state fermented A. camphorata mycelium. It protects the liver from alcohol damage by improving the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of the liver and maintaining the stability of the intestinal flora.

Isoamyl salicylate exists in alcoholic beverages and is obtained from fruit aromas.

(S)-Elobixibat is the S-isomer of Elobixibat. It is an orally active inhibitor of Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile (IBAT) and can reduce LDL cholesterol, increase serum GLP-1, and promote colonic motility. This compound shows potential for treating metabolic syndrome and can be studied for constipation, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic hepatitis, and liver tumors.

YGT-31 is a PPARγ modulator with an IC50 of 1.72 μM and a Ki of 0.62 μM. It diminishes blood glucose levels and enhances insulin sensitivity in a type 2 diabetes model in db db mice by inhibiting CDK5-mediated phosphorylation of PPARγ-Ser273. Additionally, YGT-31 exhibits anti-steatotic effects in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

GprA, a novel synthetic agonist for G Protein-Coupled Receptor 120 Free Fatty Acid Receptor 4 (GPR120 FFAR4), demonstrates an AC50 of 203 nM on the full-length human GPR120 isoform. It is valuable for research into non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

ZLY032 is a dual agonist of free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1/GPR40; EC50= 68 nM in a FLIPR assay) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ; EC50= 102 nM in a reporter assay).1It is selective for FFAR1 and PPARδ over PPARα and PPARγ (EC50s = >10 μM for both). ZLY032 (40 mg/kg, twice per day) reduces blood glucose levels in an oral glucose tolerance test and decreases plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in theob/obmouse model of metabolic disease.2It reduces hepatic steatosis and plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced by a methionine and choline-deficient diet at the same dose. 1.Li, Z., Chen, Y., Zhou, Z., et al.Discovery of first-in-class thiazole-based dual FFA1/PPARδ agonists as potential anti-diabetic agentsEur. J. Med. Chem.164352-365(2019) 2.Li, Z., Zhou, Z., Hu, L., et al.ZLY032, the first-in-class dual FFA1/PPARδ agonist, improves glucolipid metabolism and alleviates hepatic fibrosisPharmacol Res.159105035(2020)

GOAT-IN-1 is an inhibitor of ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) that may be useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebrovascular dementia, and cerebral infarction.

Ajoene is a disulfide that has been found inA. sativumand has diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer, antiplatelet, and antioxidant properties.1,2,3,4It is active against Gram-positive (MICs = 5-160 µg/ml) and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 136-200 µg/ml), as well as yeasts (MICs = 10-20 µg/ml).1Ajoene is cytotoxic to mouse melanoma cells (IC50= 18 µM), as well as human colon, lung, mammary, and pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 7-41 µM).2It reduces tumor growth in a B16/BL6 mouse model of melanoma when administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg every other day and decreases the number of lung metastases when administered prior to tumor cell inoculation at doses ranging from 1-25 mg/kg. It inhibits ADP- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation in isolated baboon platelets when used at concentrations ranging from 75 to 150 µg/ml and in platelet-rich plasma isolated from baboons when administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg.3Ajoene (25 mg/kg) prevents thrombus formation on damaged arterial walls in heparinized pigs in anin situmodel of thrombogenesis.5It also reduces high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, histopathological markers of liver damage, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation, and protein oxidation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).4 1.Naganawa, R., Iwata, N., Ishikawa, K., et al.Inhibition of microbial growth by ajoene, a sulfur-containing compound derived from garlicAppl. Environ. Microbiol.62(11)4238-4242(1996) 2.Taylor, P., Noriega, R., Farah, C., et al.Ajoene inhibits both primary tumor growth and metastasis of B16/BL6 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 miceCancer Lett.239(2)298-304(2006) 3.Teranishi, K., Apitz-Castro, R., Robson, S.C., et al.Inhibition of baboon platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo by the garlic derivative, ajoeneXenotransplantation10(4)374-379(2003) 4.Han, C.Y., Ki, S.H., Kim, Y.W., et al.Ajoene, a stable garlic by-product, inhibits high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and oxidative injury through LKB1-dependent AMPK activationAntioxid. Redox Signal.14(2)187-202(2011) 5.Apitz-Castro, R., Badimon, J.J., and Badimon, L.A garlic derivative, ajoene, inhibits platelet deposition on severely damaged vessel wall in an in vivo porcine experimental modelThromb. Res.75(3)243-249(1994)

1-Palmitoyl-2-stearoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol is a triacylglycerol that contains palmitic , stearic , and oleic acid at the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions, respectively. It has been detected in RAW 264.7 cells by neutral loss MS. Increased serum levels of 1-palmitoyl-2-stearoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol are a potential biomarker for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

1-Palmitoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (1-P-GPA), an endogenous metabolite, is used in research on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [1].

7-O-Primverosylpseudobaptigenin, a natural product, can be isolated from the alcoholic extract of Amur maackia roots [1].