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1. 3-Butylidenephthalide (Butylidene phthalide) has antihyperglycemic effect is due to inhibition of α-glucosidase at the intestinal level, inhibited the activity of yeast-α-glucosidase (IC(5) 2.35 mM) in a noncompetitive fashion with a K(i) of 4.86 mM.

(-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) is a phenolic antioxidant polyphenol flavonoid found in plants such as green and black tea, which inhibits telomerase and DNA methyltransferase, blocks the activation of EGF receptors and HER-2 receptors, inhibits cellular oxidation, and prevents free radical damage to cells.

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), an active component isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, suppresses the activation of ERK1 2 and JNK, and downregulates matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Astragaloside IV is a bioactive saponin first isolated from the dried plant roots of the genus Astragalus, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine.1 It dose-dependently inhibits human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) in A549 cells (IC50 = 23 μM; LC50 = 865 μM).It inhibits replication of HAdV-3 and decreases HAdV-3-induced apoptosis. It has diverse protective effects for the cardiovascular, immune, digestive, and nervous systems. In particular, it reduces myocardial infarct size in dogs when administered prior to coronary ligation and reduces reperfusion arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts.

Nigericin sodium salt is an antibiotic, an NLRP3 activator, and a cationic ion carrier. Nigericin sodium triggers the activation of the NALP3 inflammasome, which inhibits Golgi function and suppresses the growth of Gram-positive bacteria.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a colorless amine oxide produced from choline, betaine, and carnitine via intestinal microbial metabolism that accumulates in tissues of marine animals and prevents the protein-damaging effects of urea.Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation through activation of ROS NLRP3 inflammasomes, which can induce fibroblast differentiation and cardiac fibrosis.

1. Ginkgetin has anti-influenza virus and anti-fungal activities. 2. Ginkgetin has anti-inflammatory activity, can down-regulates COX-2 induction in vivo against skin inflammatory responses. 3. Ginkgetin is a good STAT3 inhibitor and may be a useful lead

1. Dehydrocorydaline (13-Methylpalmatine) exerts anti-metastatic potential via suppression of MMPs and Bcl-2 signaling in NSC-LC cells. 2. Dehydrocorydaline stimulates p38 MAPK activation, which can enhance heterodimerization of MyoD and E proteins, thus resulting in MyoD activation and myoblast differentiation. 3. Dehydrocorydaline shows antiplatelet effects, it inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in a low dose ( IC50= 34.914 ug mL). 4. Dehydrocorydaline has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. 5. Dehydrocorydaline inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis mediated by regulating Bax Bcl-2, activating caspases as well as cleaving PARP.

Ionomycin is an calcium ionophore and an antibiotic that binds calcium ions (Ca2+). It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces conglobatus.It is used in research to raise the intracellular calcium level (Ca2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca2+ transport across biological membranes. Ionomycin promotes apoptosis and induces the activation of protein kinase C (PKC).

Rocaglamide (Roc-A), isolated from the genus Aglaia, can be used to treat coughs, injuries, asthma, and inflammatory skin diseases. It is a potent inhibitor of NF-κB activation in T-cells.

Fusarochromanone (FC-101) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium marcescens with potent antiangiogenic, anticancer and antimalarial activities. Fusarochromanone induces cell death in COS7 and HEK293 cells through activation of the JNK pathway.

Fructose-arginine is a non-saponin molecule from Korean Red Ginseng that attenuates AIM2 inflammatory vesicle activation.

Piceatannol (Astringenin) is an anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antiproliferative agent. It inhibits p56lck and syk protein tyrosine kinases and inhibits NF-κB activation and gene expression of TNF-induced. It is synthetic from the conversion of resveratrol by cytochrome P450 1B1.

β-Carotene (Provitamin A) is a naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA.

Tacrolimus monohydrate (LCP-Tacro) is a macrolide from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis, binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex. Tacrolimus inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Immunosuppressive properties. It prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro and has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo.

Amygdalin (Laetrile) has antifibrotic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, amygdalin joint HSYA could inhibit the degeneration of the endplate chondrocytes derived from intervertebral discs of rats induced by IL-1beta and better than the single use of Amygdalin or HSYA. Amygdalin induces apoptotic cell death in human DU145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells by caspase-3 activation through down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax.

α-Lipoic Acid (Alphalipoic acid) inhibits NF-κB-dependent HIV-1 LTR activation. α-Lipoic Acid induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis in hepatoma cells.α-Lipoic Acid is an antioxidant, which is an essential cofactor of mitochondrial enzyme complexes.

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring, orally available cleavage product of the glucosinolate glucobrassicanin, inhibits NF-κB and IκBα kinase activation.

Honokiol (NSC-293100) is the active principle of magnolia extract. It inhibits the activation of Akt and enhances the phosphorylation of ERK1 ERK2.

Allicin exerts antioxidant, bactericidal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, it exerts an inhibitory immunomodulatory effect on intestinal epithelial cells. Allicin could significantly inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells' proliferation and migration induced by insulin, which may be related to the inhibition of the activation of ERK signal path. Allicin is beneficial in reducing blood cholesterol, triglycerides levels and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolemic rats, it may beneficially affect two risk factors for atherosclerosis-hyperlipidemia and hypertension.

Perillyl Alcohol is a naturally occurring monoterpene related to limonene with antineoplastic activity. Perillyl alcohol (Isocarveol) inhibits farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase, thereby preventing post-translational protein farnesylation and isoprenylation and activation of oncoproteins such as p21-ras, and arresting tumor cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

2-Hydroxyanthraquinone is an anthraquinone that has been found inSpermacoce latifoliaand has antibacterial and estrogenic activities.1,2It is active againstB. subtilisandB. cereus(MICs = 1.9 and 62.5 μg ml, respectively).12-Hydroxyanthraquinone (19 μM) induces estrogen receptor α (ERα) activation in a yeast two-hybrid assay.2 1.Luo, Y., Shen, H.-Y., Shen, Q.-X., et al.A new anthraquinone and a new naphthoquinone from the whole plant of Spermacoce latifoliJ. Asian Nat. Prod. Res.19(9)869-876(2017) 2.Kurihara, R., Shiraishi, F., Tanaka, N., et al.Presence and estrogenicity of anthracene derivatives in coastal Japanese watersEnviron. Toxicol. Chem.24(8)1984-1993(2005)

Sinapinic Acid (Synapoic acid) protects the rat liver from CCl4-induced inflammation, most likely by acting as a free radical scavenger and modulator of NF-κB p65 activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression. Sinapic acid with antioxidant role protects cardiac cells and its functions from I R induced oxidative stress. Sinapic acid is a potentially useful agent for the protection against liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Sinapic acid prevents the alterations in the levels of lipids and lipoproteins by virtue of its anti-lipidaemic effect in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats. Sinapic acid ameliorates hyperglycemia through PLC-PKC signals to enhance the glucose utilization in diabetic rats.

Myristic acid (Crodacid) , a 14 carbon saturated fatty acid, is a rare molecule in cells and is a substrate of some fatty acid desaturases. This compound has the ability to acylate proteins by covalently binding to the N-terminal glycine residues, in a process called N-terminal myristoylation. Myristoylation of substrate proteins by this fatty acid has the potential to activate and mediate many physiological pathways. Furthermore, saturated fatty acids have been reported to be essential for biological activities of lipopolysaccharides and have demonstrated the ability to induce expression of COX-2 and NFκB (nuclear factor κB) activation.

1. Nootkatone can provide effective tick control. 2. (+)-Nootkatone has antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet activities. 3. Nootkatone can prevent obesity and improve physical performance through AMPK activation in skeletal muscle and liver.