a. membranaceus

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), an active component isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, suppresses the activation of ERK1 2 and JNK, and downregulates matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Astragaloside IV is a bioactive saponin first isolated from the dried plant roots of the genus Astragalus, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine.1 It dose-dependently inhibits human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) in A549 cells (IC50 = 23 μM; LC50 = 865 μM).It inhibits replication of HAdV-3 and decreases HAdV-3-induced apoptosis. It has diverse protective effects for the cardiovascular, immune, digestive, and nervous systems. In particular, it reduces myocardial infarct size in dogs when administered prior to coronary ligation and reduces reperfusion arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts.

Formononetin (Flavosil) is an O-methylated isoflavone and a phytoestrogen from the root of Astragalus membranaceus.

Astramembrangenin (Cycloastragenol (Astramembrangenin)) is a triterpenoid saponin compound and a hydrolysis product of the main active ingredient in Astragalus membranaceus. Cycloastragenol (CAG) may have a novel therapeutic role in depression

Astragaloside A (Astramembrannin I) is the primary pure saponin isolated from Astragalus membranaceus.

7,2′-Dihydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan 7-O-β-D-glucoside (Isomucronulatol 7-O-glucoside) is a biologically active isoflavone isolated from Astragalus membranaceus.

Glycerol Tridecanoate is an orally active precursor (DA precursor) of caprylic acid that can be hydrolyzed to caprylic acid. It is a major component of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and has antiandrogenic and antihyperglycemic properties. It can be used as an additive in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Astragaloside I (Cyclosieversioside B) is a natural product isolated from Astragalus membranaceus. It can stimulate osteoblast differentiation through the Wnt β-catenin signaling pathway and can be used to study osteogenic activity.

Isoastragaloside II (Astrasieversianin VII) is a derivative Astragaloside I, an ingredient in Astragalus membranaceus which is reported to have osteogenic properties.

Aloinoside A, an aloin isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, is the enantiomer of Aloinoside B and is a biomarker used in metabolic research. Its metabolic products by rat intestinal bacteria include aloin, isoaloin and hydroxy metabolites.

Isoastilbin is a dihydroflavonol glycoside compound found in Rhizoma Smilacis glabrae and Astragalus membranaceus. Isoastilbin inhibits glucosyltransferase (GTase) with an IC50 value of 54.3 μg mL and possesses anti-acne and tyrosinase inhibition properties. Additionally, isoastilbin demonstrates neuroprotective, antioxidation, antimicrobial, and anti-apoptotic properties, indicating potential for Alzheimer's disease research.

Swainsonine (Tridolgosir) is an alkaloid isolated from Astragalus membranaceus and is a potent and reversible inhibitor of alpha-mannosidase. swainsonine has antitumour activity and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G2 M phase.

Methylnissolin is a natural product isolated from Astragalus membranaceus that inhibits platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced cell proliferation with an IC50 of 10 μM. It inhibits PDGF-BB-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by inhibiting the ERK1 2 MAP kinase cascade. It also inhibits PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 2 (ERIC1 2) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and has antibacterial and anticancer effects.

2''-Acetylastragalin is a natural product from Astragalus membranaceus.

Methylnissolin is a natural product from A. membranaceus.

Isomucronulatol 7-O-glucoside is a biologically active isoflavone isolated from Astragalus membranaceus.

(R)-Isomucronulatol (2H-1-Benzopyran-7-ol), a flavonoid that can be extracted from the leaves of Astragalus membranaceus, Sophora japonica, Sclerotium tigrinum, and Glycyrrhiza glabra, inhibits the proliferation and apoptosis of BMSCs in the TNF-α microenvironment. (R)-Isomucronulatol has potential anti-inflammatory activity.