a-linolenic acid

α-Linolenic Acid (ALA) is an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the human body and is obtained by isolating it from seed oils. α-Linolenic acid has been shown to improve memory, inhibit thrombosis, and lower blood lipids.

gamma-Linolenic acid (gamolenic acid), is an unsaturated fatty acid synthesized from linoleic acid (LA) by the enzyme delta-6-desaturase. Research on hepatocellular cell lines has shown γ-Linolenic Acid to have induced reactive oxygen species generation including lipid peroxidation, cell growth inhibition, and heme oxygenase-1 production for antioxidant protection against oxidative stress. Further experiments have noted that γ-Linolenic acid inhibits inflammatory responses through inactivation of NFκB and activator protein-1 by suppressed oxidative stress.

Methyl Linolenate (Linolenic acid methyl ester) is a polyunsaturated fattly acid (PUFA). It is used in studies on the mechanisms and prevention of oxidation peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.

γ-Linolenic Acid methyl ester (Methyl gamma-linolenate) is a weak leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor antagonist.

Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA; all-cis-8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid) sodium, a 20-carbon ω-6 fatty acid, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. It has been shown to mitigate atherosclerosis in the apolipoprotein E deficient mouse model system [1] [2] [3].

Torilin is an inhibitor of testosterone 5 alpha-reductase, it (IC50 = 31.7 + - 4.23 microM) shows a stronger inhibition of 5 alpha-reductase than alpha-linolenic acid (IC50 = 160.3 + - 24.62 microM) but is weaker than finasteride (IC50 = 0.38 + - 0.06 microM). Torilin has immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, it inhibits inflammation by limiting TAK1-mediated MAP kinase and NF-κB activation, it can attenuate arthritis severity, modify leukocyte activations in dLNs or joints, and restore serum and splenocyte cytokine imbalances. Torilin inhibits melanin production in alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-activated B16 melanoma cells, with an IC(50) value of 25 microM. Torilin shows excellent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 spores and vegetative cells. Torilin has a potent anti-angiogenic activity both in vivo and in vitro, and it may have a strong activity to suppress tumorigenesis by inhibition of tumor invasion, it reverses multidrug-resistance in cancer cells, it can potentiate the cytotoxicities of adriamycin, vinblastine, taxol and colchicine against multidrug-resistant KB-V1 and MCF7 ADR cells.

Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) is a fatty acid widely found in plants with antitumor and antiproliferative effects, inhibits the growth of xenograft tumor cells, and can be used in the study of inflammation-related diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and atopic dermatitis.

(±)-7-epiJasmonic acid, the primary metabolite in the 12-oxo phytodienoic acid pathway of 13(S)-hydroperoxy linolenic acid metabolism in plants, is synthesized initially as the more active (+)-7-epijasmonic acid. It quickly epimerizes to the more stable (−)-7-jasmonic acid isomer, demonstrating its biological relevance. Acting as a plant growth regulator, (±)-7-epiJasmonic acid triggers various signal transduction pathways, which can either promote growth or inhibit it, likely as a response to stress conditions.

Punicic acid (Trichosanic acid) is a naturally occurring conjugated linolenic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid that is anti-obesity and anti-diabetic through activation of PPARα, PPARβ, PPARγ, and inhibition of NF-κB; anti-inflammatory through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX); improves neuroinflammation; and prevention of osteoporosis.