smoke

Rosiglitazone (BRL49653) is a PPARγ agonist, TRPC5 activator, and TRPM3 inhibitor with oral activity. Rosiglitazone is also a hypoglycemic agent and a thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer.

Rosiglitazone hydrochloride (BRL-49653 HCl) is a blood glucose-lowering drugs, stimulating insulin secretion by binding to the PPAR receptors in fat cells.

IQB-782 is a mucolytic agent with mucolytic expectorant activity.IQB-782 inhibits thrombin-activating fibrinolytic inhibitor (TAFI), protects rats from tobacco smoke-induced respiratory obstruction, reduces the viscosity of gastric mucin suspensions in vitro, and may be useful in studies of obstructive lung disease.IQB-782 has been shown to reduce the viscosity of gastric mucin suspensions in vitro.

Hexachloroethane, also known by its systematic name perchloroethane, is a chlorinated hydrocarbon and a chlorinated alkane that appears as a white or colorless crystalline solid at room temperature, with a distinctive camphor-like odor. Hexachloroethane has various industrial uses, including in military smoke compositions, metal and alloy production, and as an ingredient in some specialized pesticides and lubricants. Hexachloroethane is also known to be toxic and can cause significant adverse health effects in humans upon exposure.

N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) is a carcinogenic dialkylnitrosamine commonly found in water, tobacco smoke, cheddar cheese, pickled foods, fried foods, and various alcoholic beverages; it is associated with alterations in nucleases involved in DNA repair and replication, targets organs such as the nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, esophagus, and liver to induce tumors in animals, and is most commonly used to induce liver cancer models.

GSK2256294A (GSK 2256294) is potent, selective inhibitor of recombinant human, rat and mouse sEH with IC50 of 27 pM, 61 pM and 189 pM, respectively.

GPD-1116 is an orally active inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (PDE)4 and PDE1. The compound effectively reduces smoke-induced apoptosis in lung cells. Additionally, GPD-1116 has shown efficacy in various animal disease models, including emphysema, acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and pulmonary arterial hypertension.

1-Nitropyrene (3-Nitropyrene) is one of the important components of atmospheric pollutants such as tobacco smoke. It is carcinogenic and genotoxic, and can damage mitochondrial function and intracellular redox balance.

Benz[a]anthracene is a large, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting of four fused benzene rings that forms primarily as a byproduct from the incomplete combustion of organic matter Benz[a]anthracene is considered a probable human carcinogen based on toxicological data; Benz[a]anthracene is found in significant sources such as tobacco and cigarette smoke, coal tar, vehicle exhaust emissions, and some cooked foods, making Benz[a]anthracene a compound of interest in researches in cancer pathogenesis.

2-Methyldecane is a colorless liquid used primarily as a solvent in organic synthesis reactions, and is also present in spice tobacco and cigarette smoke; it has low inhalation toxicity, and no deaths were observed in rats exposed to saturated vapor concentrations for 4 hours.

Harmane (Loturine) is a bio-active β-Carboline and monoamine oxidase inhibitor found in coffee and tobacco smoke.

β-Cembrenediol (β-CBT) is a natural product from tobacco plants that is found in cigarette smoke condensate. β-CBT inhibits induction of the early antigen of Epstein-Barr virus (EA-EBV) by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in vitro (IC50 = 21.9 μM). It inhibits tumor promoting effects of TPA on 7,12-demethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced papilloma formation in vivo. β-CBT is also released into soil by flue-cured tobacco plants and exerts autotoxicity as well as phytotoxic activity against L. sativa seedlings.

N'-Nitrosonornicotine is a tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine and carcinogen that has been found in unburned tobacco and cigarette smoke.1It induces the formation of DNA adducts in isolated rat nasal mucosa and esophagus. N'-Nitrosonornicotine induces tumor formation in rat esophagus and nasal cavity, mouse lung, forestomach, and trachea, and hamster trachea and forebrain. Urinary levels of N'-nitrosonornicotine are positively correlated with the risk of esophageal cancer in smokers.2 1.Hecht, S.S.Biochemistry, biology, and carcinogenicity of tobacco-specific N-nitrosaminesChem. Res. Toxicol.11(6)559-603(1998) 2.Yuan, J.-M., Knezevich, A.D., Wang, R., et al.Urinary levels of the tobacco-specific carcinogen N'-nitrosonornicotine and its glucuronide are strongly associated with esophageal cancer risk in smokersCarcinogenesis32(9)1366-1371(2011)

1,6-Anhydro-D-galactose is a carbohydrate found in liquid smoke flavorings that is used as a tracer of the contribution of biomass burning to total atmospheric particulate matter.

Karrikinolide, a phytoreactive compound derived from smoke, holds potential in horticulture, ecological restoration, and agriculture. This compound exhibits regulatory properties by influencing endogenous cytokinin concentrations and stimulating plant growth.

Liquiritin apioside has antioxidant property by inducing glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis via the inhibition of cytokines and protected lung epithelial cells against cigarette smoke-mediated oxidative stress, might be as protective agent against epithelial

Anabasine HCl is used as a clinical biomarker for tobacco smoke exposure and as an insecticide. It is also a depolarizing NMJ blocker, aromatase inhibitor, nAChr antagonist, and teratogen found in species of Nicotiana.

Piriprost is a leukotriene inhibitor attenuates the smoke-induced increase in alveolar-capillary barrier permeability and decrease in plasminogen activator activity and causes a swelling of type I alveolar epithelium.

AZD1236 is a potent and reversible inhibitor of human MMP-9 and MMP-12 (IC50 = 4.5 and 6.1nM, respectively), with >10-fold selectivity to MMP-2 and MMP-13 and >350-fold selectivity to other members of the enzyme family. AZD1236 activity is approximately 20 to 50-fold lower at the rat, mouse, and guinea pig orthologues. In acute models of lung injury, AZD1236 inhibited the haemorrhage and inflammation induced by instillation of human MMP-12 into rat lungs by ~80% at 0.81mg kg, and also abolished macrophage infiltration into BAL fluid induced by tobacco smoke inhalation in the mouse.

Nicotelline (Nicotellin) is a biomarker and environmental tracer for tobacco smoke particles, a relatively non-volatile alkaloid found in tobacco smoke, and a weak inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 2A6 (CYP2A6). It is used to distinguish tobacco products.

Drotrecogin alfa (activated) (DrotAA), a recombinant human activated protein C (APC), mitigates smoke-induced elevations in pulmonary microvascular permeability and proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β levels in rats. It also inhibits coagulation and inflammation while enhancing fibrinolysis. Drotrecogin alfa (activated) is applicable in severe sepsis research [1] [2].

5-Methylchrysene, a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with four fused rings, functions as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist. It is generated through the incomplete combustion of organic matter and primarily detected in gasoline exhaust and tobacco smoke. Additionally, 5-Methylchrysene can be converted into mutagenic metabolites by cytochrome P450 enzymes 1A1 and 1B1.

PON-PC, an oxidized phospholipid with a 9-carbon fatty acyl chain ending in an aldehyde at the sn-2 position, arises from the oxidation of palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC) or through interaction with ozone in pulmonary surfactant. It is found in oxidized LDL. At a 40 µM concentration, PON-PC diminishes the production of TNF-α, nitric oxide (NO), and NADP+ in primary mouse alveolar macrophages and lowers the bactericidal capability of RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, levels of PON-PC increase in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice exposed to cigarette smoke or in older mice.

Cholesteryl palmitoleate, a cholesterol ester, exhibits elevated plasma levels in ApoE- - mice following exposure to cigarette smoke and in pediatric patients diagnosed with biliary atresia. It serves as a standard for identifying cholesterol esters in human meibomian gland secretions.