sh-sy5y

Deferoxamine Mesylate (DFOM) is an iron chelator and ferroptosis inhibitor. Deferoxamine Mesylate binds free iron into a stable complex and reduces iron accumulation. Deferoxamine Mesylate up-regulates HIF-1α levels and induces apoptosis.

Zonisamide (AD 810), a sulfonamide anticonvulsant, is approved for use as an adjunctive treatment in adults with partial-onset seizures. It may inhibit a carbonic anhydrase although this is not one of the main mechanisms of action. Zonisamide may act by blocking repetitive firing of voltage-gated sodium channels results in a reduction of T-type calcium channel currents, or by binding allosterically to GABA receptors. This latter action may lower the uptake of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA while increasing the uptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.

Olanzapine (LY170053) is an atypical antipsychotic that is used currently in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar illness.

Bilobalide ((-)-Bilobalide), a bioactive from Gingko Biloba, is active on hypoxia-induced alterations.

Isoborneol (DL-Isoborneol) is a monoterpene alcohol, with neuroprotective and antiviral activities

Mirodenafil is a PDE-5 inhibitor developed for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

PKR-IN-C16 is a specific protein kinase (PKR) inhibitor. PKR-IN-C16 is able to inhibit the autophosphorylation of PKR and unlock the translation blockade induced by PKR in primary neuronal cultures.PKR-IN-C16 binds the ATP-binding site of PKR and blocks autophosphorylation with an IC50 value of 186-210 nM. PKR-IN-C16 protects human neuroblastoma cells against cell damage triggered by tunicamycin-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress.

AM 281, a cannabinoid antagonist, reduces neurologic dysfunction and mortality rate after cecal ligation and puncture in rats.

Apostatin-1 (Apt-1) is a novel TRADD inhibitor that binds to a pocket on the N-terminal TRAF2 binding domain of TRADD.

Mirodenafil dihydrochloride is a PDE-5 inhibitor developed for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Rutin (Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside), a flavonoid, has a variety of biological activities including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic properties.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5, are essential components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Composed of lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide, LPS exhibits strong immunogenicity. It activates immune cells via the TLR4 receptor, induces chemotactic cell migration and cytokine secretion, and helps maintain the integrity of the bacterial outer membrane, protecting against bile salts and lipid-based antibiotics. LPS is commonly used to establish inflammatory models, including arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and gastrointestinal disease models.

Oxidopamine hydrobromide (6-OHDA hydrobromide) is a widely used neurotoxin and an antagonist of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons, promotes COX-2 activation, induces PGE2 synthesis, and stimulates the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. It is commonly used to establish animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD).

SCH772984 is an ERK inhibitor that inhibits ERK1 and ERK2 (IC50=4/1 nM) and is highly selective and ATP-competitive. SCH772984 exhibits antitumor activity against BRAF or RAS mutant cells.

Trolox is a vitamin E analogue, used in reducing oxidative stress or damage.

Sodium dichloroacetate (BCA) , a specific inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) with IC50 values of 183 and 80 μM for PDK2 and PDK4 respectively, has been shown to derepress a mitochondrial potassium-ion channel axis, trigger apoptosis in cancer cells, and inhibit tumor growth.

Idebenone (CV-2619) is a synthetic analogue of ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q10), a vital cell antioxidant and essential component of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC).

Oxidopamine hydrochloride (6-Hydroxydopamine hydrochloride) is a widely used neurotoxin and an antagonist of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons, promotes COX-2 activation, induces PGE2 synthesis, and stimulates the secretion of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. It is commonly used to establish animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD).

YM-244769 dihydrochloride is an effective inhibitor of Na+/Ca2+ exchange 3 (NCX3) with an IC50 of 18 nM. YM-244769 dihydrochloride has efficient protective effects on neurons and kidneys.

Oligomycin A (MCH 32) is an inhibitor of ATP synthase, inhibits oxidative phosphorylation and all the ATP-dependent processes occurring on the coupling membrane of mitochondria.

YM-244769 (3-Pyridinecarboxamide, N-[(3-aminophenyl)methyl]-6-[4-[(3-fluorophenyl)methoxy]phenoxy]-) is an effective inhibitor of Na+/Ca2+ exchange 3 (NCX3) with an IC50 of 18 nM. YM-244769 has efficient protective effects on neurons and kidneys.

Moracin P, a 2-arylbenzofuran derivative isolated from Mori Cortex Radicis, shows potent in vitro inhibitory activity against hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1). This compound reduces oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced reactive oxygen species generation while demonstrating neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties.

MPP+ iodide, the metabolite of a neurotoxin MPTP, causes symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) in animal models by selectively destroying dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. MPP+ induces dopamine transporter (DAT) externalization in dopaminergic (DA) neurons, but internalization of serotonin transporter (SERT) in serotonergic (5-HT) neurons. MPP+ induces autophagic cell death in SH-SY5Y cells.

SAK3 is a novel modulator of nAChR activity that enhances T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (T-VGCC) activity, and has potentiating effects on both Cav3.1 and Cav3.3 T-type Ca2+ channel currents.SAK3 is neuroprotective against scopolamine-induced cholinergic dysfunction in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.SAK3 is used for the study of memory deficits and Alzheimer's disease. SAK3 can be used to study memory deficits and Alzheimer's disease.