oligosaccharides

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are naturally occurring functional oligosaccharides, which are composed of 2 to 10 fructose molecules combined with glucose molecules. They are widely found in natural plants such as bananas, onions, garlic, chicory, and honey. As a typical prebiotic, fructooligosaccharides cannot be digested and absorbed by the human body, but are selectively fermented by beneficial gut bacteria, especially bifidobacteria, to promote gut health, support microbial balance.

2-Iminothiolane HCl (Trauts reagent) is a useful RNA-protein crosslinking reagent and an effective thiolation reagent for the introduction of sulphydryl groups into oligosaccharides.

β-Cyclodextrin (NSC 269471) is a member of the class of compounds known as oligosaccharides.

N-Biotinyl-6-aminohexanoic acid (N-(+)-Biotinyl-6-aminohexanoic acid) is utilized for N-terminal biotinylation.

Uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) is a pyrimidine nucleotide sugar, serving as a precursor for oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids containing glucose. It is a key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism and participates in numerous enzymatic reactions, acting as a P2Y14 agonist.

Cysteine hydrazide is an enrichment tool for the mass spectrometric characterization of bacterial-free oligosaccharides.

N-acetyl-D-Lactosamine (N-Acetyllactosamine) is a disaccharide consisting of galactose and N-acetylglucose, which is an important component of various oligosaccharides and can be used as a starting material for the synthesis of various oligosaccharides. N-acetyl-D-Lactosamine may be used as a structural element naturally in various sugar conjugates and can also be used to characterise lectins, which have probiotic effect.

D-Dimannuronic acid, derived from brown algae, is an alginate extract employed in the synthesis of sulfated polymannuronate (SPMG)-derived oligosaccharides.

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP7/GF6 (Fructoheptasaccharide) belongs to fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with degree of polymerization (DP=7).

Lacto-N-tetraose is a core component of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and is a tetrasaccharide composed of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and glucose. Lacto-N-tetraose exhibits a variety of biological activities, including prebiotic effects, immunomodulatory effects, anti-inflammatory effects, regulation of intestinal cell responses, as well as antibacterial and antiviral activities. Lacto-N-tetraose is widely used in infant formula, functional foods, and biomedical research.

3-Fucosyllactose is one of the major human milk oligosaccharides, exhibiting prebiotic, immunomodulatory, neurodevelopment-promoting in neonates, and antibacterial activities.

UDP-xylose, a natural product isolated from Cryptococcus laurentii (NRRL Y-1401), serves as a sugar donor in the synthesis of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, various metabolites, and oligosaccharides across plants, vertebrates, and fungi [1] [2].

β-Galactosidase (GAL) is a glycoside hydrolase that hydrolyzes the β-glycosidic bond formed between galactose and its organic part, and naturally catalyzes the hydrolysis of the galactosidic bond in oligosaccharides and disaccharides for the degradation of lactose and the production of low-lactose and lactose-free lactose products that are beneficial to lactose intolerant patients.

GDP-L-fucose disodium, a nucleotide sugar, serves as a crucial substrate for fucose oligosaccharides biosynthesis by providing the fucose moiety. Its formation follows two metabolic pathways: the primary de novo pathway and the secondary remedial pathway [1].

Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a key enzyme in the regulation of melatonin synthesis, which is involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, and can be inhibited by structurally specific heparin oligosaccharides.

Aldose 1-epimerase (mutarotases), an essential enzyme for carbohydrate metabolism, facilitates the interconversion between α- and β-anomers of hexose sugars, including glucose and galactose. This enzyme plays a vital role in normal carbohydrate metabolism and the synthesis of complex oligosaccharides [1].

Lichenase (endo-1,3:1,4-β-D-Glucanase), an endo-(1-3),(1-4)-β-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, efficiently solubilizes β-glucans from cereal grains, producing gluco-oligosaccharides (GOS). This enzyme is pivotal for the degradation of cell wall polysaccharides [1] [2].

Endoglycoceramidase II (EGCase II), an endo-β-glucosidase, catalyzes the hydrolysis of the β-glycosidic linkage between oligosaccharides and ceramides in glycosphingolipids, releasing the complete glycan from ceramide [1] [2].

6'-Sialyllactose (6'-SL) is one of the most predominant human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) with significant prebiotic activity, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) while inhibiting harmful pathogens. 6'-SL exhibits pleiotropic biological activities: it diminishes stress-induced anxiety via the gut-brain axis, ameliorates benign prostatic hyperplasia by suppressing VEGF-mediated angiogenesis (via Akt-ERK inhibition), and enhances exercise performance by increasing muscle mass and strength. It also reduces the internalization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in human pneumocytes.

UDP-xylose disodium is a compound that can be isolated from Cryptococcus laurentii and is a sugar donor that can be used for the synthesis of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, various metabolites and oligosaccharides in plants, vertebrates and fungi.

β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase, an exoglycosidase, catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing β-N-acetylgalactosamine and glucosamine residues in oligosaccharides for epigenetic applications [1].

α-Galactosidase is an endogenous glycosidase that can break down oligosaccharides and glycolipids containing α-galactoside bonds and can be used in the study of Fabry disease.

PNGase F is an endoglycosidase and amide hydrolase that catalyses the cleavage of internal glycosidic bonds in oligosaccharides. It can remove the majority of N-linked oligosaccharides from glycoproteins and is employed for studying oligosaccharides and characterising glycoproteins.

Pullulanase (R-enzyme), a starch debranching enzyme utilized in biochemical research, cleaves α-1,6 glucosidic linkages in starch, amylopectin, pullulan, and related oligosaccharides. This conversion of polysaccharides into smaller fermentative sugars facilitates saccharification processes [1].