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L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt monohydrate (MSG monohydrate) is an important food additive with gastrointestinal protective effects. It plays a critical role in nutrient metabolism, energy demand, immune response, oxidative stress, signal transduction, and synaptic transmission. L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt monohydrate can induce oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis in mouse liver and brain tissues. It can protect against gastrointestinal damage caused by NSAIDs and Helicobacter pylori through multiple mechanisms.

L-Glutamic acid monosodium salt (MSG) (Monosodium glutamate) is an activator of mGlu1 receptor.

MSG606 TFA, a potent antagonist of the human MC1 receptor (IC50 = 17 nM), functions as a partial agonist at the human MC3 and MC5 receptors (EC50 values of 59 and 1300 nM, respectively). It demonstrates binding affinity for A375 melanoma cells in vitro and selectively reverses induced hyperalgesia in female mice without affecting male mice.