insulin

Insulin (human) is a peptide hormone that promotes glycogen synthesis and regulates glucose levels in the blood. Insulin (human) has hypoglycemic activity and is used clinically to treat hyperglycemia in diabetic patients.

Insulin(cattle) is a peptide hormone that promotes glycogen synthesis and regulates glucose levels in the blood. Insulin has hypoglycemic activity and is used clinically to treat hyperglycemia in diabetic patients.

Insulin β Chain Peptide (15-23), also referred to as INS, is an insulin-derived peptide specifically recognized by islet-associated T cells. The tetramer of Insulin β Chain Peptide (15-23) effectively stained the INS-reactive CTL clone G9C8; however, neither this tetramer nor the negative control tetramer (TUM) stained splenic CD8+ T cells from NOD or 8.3-TCRαβ transgenic NOD mice.

Insulin degludec is an ultra-long-acting insulin analog developed for the study of hyperglycemia associated with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Insulin degludec exhibits binding efficiency to the insulin receptor with an IC50 of 19.59 nM. Insulin degludec is applicable in diabetes research for evaluating pharmacological properties of basal insulin therapies.

Insulin glargine, a long-acting insulin analog, is utilized for the treatment of diabetes mellitus [1].

Insulin glulisine (HMR 1964) is a rapid-acting analog that closely resembles the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of physiological human insulin, making it applicable in diabetes research [1].

Insulin Detemir, an artificial insulin, effectively controls blood sugar levels by stimulating GLP-1 secretion through enhanced Gcg expression via the activation of Akt- and/or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent-cat and CREB signaling pathways. It is applicable for type 2 diabetes research [1] [2].

Insulin peglispro (BIL) represents a basal insulin characterized by a sustained, stable activity pattern. This compound demonstrates enhanced glucose regulation abilities when compared to traditional insulins [1].

Insulin (swine), a porcine-derived insulin, is utilized in diabetes research [1].

[pTyr1146][pTyr1150][pTyr1151]Insulin Receptor (1142-1153) acts as a substrate for insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, binding effectively to insulin with potential applications in scientific research and medicine.

This peptide is a fragment of the alpha-chain of insulin amino acids 1 to 13. The insulin a-chain epitope recognized by human T cells is posttranslationally modified.

Human proinsulin, the single-chain peptide precursor of insulin, consists of the insulin A and B chains connected by the 31 amino acid C-peptide. Cleavage of proinsulin by proteolytic enzymes produces insulin and free C-peptide.

Proinsulin C-Peptide (31-63), porcine, is a peptide derived from the cleavage of porcine proinsulin, covering amino acid residues 31 to 63.

Proinsulin C-peptide (human) is a 31-amino acid peptide that links the Proinsulin A and B chains, ensuring their proper folding, biological activity, and regulation of cellular functions.

Proinsulin C-peptide human acetate (Proinsulin C-peptide human acetate (33017-11-7 Free base)) is a polypeptide of 31 amino acid residues that links the A and B chains of proinsulin to ensure proper folding, has biological activity and regulates cellular functions.

GIP (3-42), human (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (3-42) (human)) is a peptide that acts as a glucose-dependent proinsulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor antagonist and regulates insulin secretion and the metabolic effects of GIP in vivo, which can be used to study type 2 diabetes.

Dimethyl DL-glutamate is a cell-permeant glutamic acid derivative that enhances insulin release in response to glucose in isolated islets and in animal models of diabetes.

Galantide acetate, a non-specific galanin receptor antagonist, is a peptide consisting of fragments of galanin and substance P. Galantide acetate recognizes two classes of galanin binding sites (KD<0.1 nM and ~6 nM) in the rat hypothalamus. Galantide acetate dose dependently (IC50=1.0 nM) antagonizes the galanin-mediated inhibition of the glucose-induced insulin secretion from mouse pancreatic islets. Galantide acetate appears to bind to a single population of SP receptors (KD~40 nM).

Apelin-13 is a 13-amino acid peptide sequence found in the central and peripheral nervous system that is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor angiotensin II protein J (APJ), with an EC50 value of 0.37 nM for APJ.Apelin-13 has vasodilatory and antihypertensive activity and can be used to study type 2 diabetic syndrome. Apelin-13 has vasodilatory and antihypertensive activities and can be used to study type 2 diabetes syndrome.

S961 is a high-affinity, selective insulin receptor (IR) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.048 nM for HIR-A, 0.027 nM for HIR-B, and 630 nM for human insulin-like growth factor I receptor (HIGF-IR) in scintillation proximity assays.

Octreotide (SMS 201-995) is a potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin.

Neuromedin U (NMU) is a neuropeptide first demonstrated to drive smooth muscle contraction.1Translated as a 174 amino acid propeptide, NMU is cleaved to different lengths in different animals. It has diverse receptor-mediated rolesin vivo, as it regulates feeding, vasoconstriction, nociception, and bone remodeling and contributes to obesity, cancer and septic shock.2,2NMU-25 is the active form of NMU in humans. It binds with high affinity to receptors on human left ventricle and coronary artery (KDs = 0.26 and 0.11 nM, respectively), eliciting endothelium-independent vasoconstriction.3NMU-25 also suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in human islets, and this effect is lost in NMU R165W mutants, resulting in early-onset obesity.4 1.Mitchell, J.D., Maguire, J.J., and Davenport, A.P.Emerging pharmacology and physiology of neuromedin U and the structurally related peptide neuromedin SBritish Journal of Pharmacology15887-103(2009) 2.Greenwood, H.C., Bloom, S.R., and Murphy, K.G.Peptides and their potential role in the treatment of diabetes and obesityRev.Diabet.Stud.8(3)355-368(2011) 3.Mitchell, J.D., Maguire, J.J., Kuc, R.E., et al.Expression and vasoconstrictor function of anorexigenic peptides neuromedin U-25 and S in the human cardiovascular systemCardiovascular Research81353-361(2009) 4.Alfa, R.W., Park, S., Skelly, K.R., et al.Suppression of insulin production and secretion by a decretin hormoneCell Metabolism21(2)323-333(2015)