diabetes

Rosiglitazone (BRL49653) is a PPARγ agonist, TRPC5 activator, and TRPM3 inhibitor with oral activity. Rosiglitazone is also a hypoglycemic agent and a thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer.

Finerenone (BAY-948862) is a nonsteroidal antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) (IC50=18 nM) with selective and oral activity. Finerenone is used in the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease with type 2 diabetes.

Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) is an AMPK activator with blood-brain barrier permeability. Metformin may improve glycemic control by increasing insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal glucose uptake, and is commonly used in type 2 diabetes research.

BD-AcAc 2 (Ketone Ester) is a ketone monoester and can be used as a source of oral nutritional ketones. BD-AcAc 2 can elevate plasma levels of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, blood Na+, blood glucose levels and blood creatinine levels after oral administration in mice. BD-AcAc 2 can partly prevent muscle weakness in septic mice. BD-AcAc 2 exhibits potential to improve endurance and exercise performance in animal body. BD-AcAc 2 can also be used to research diabetes or Parkinson's disease.

LGD-6972 is an antagonist of glucagon receptor.

Celiprolol hydrochloride (Selectrol) is a cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.

Hexylresorcinol (4-Hexylresorcinol) is a substituted dihydroxybenzene utilized topically as an antiseptic for minor skin infection treatment.

Metformin hydrochloride (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride), a widely used anti-diabetic drug, exhibits potential anti-Y properties by inhibiting the proliferation of various Y cells, including colon and prostate.

Cholesterol (cholesteryl alcohol) is a natural product that is the major sterol in mammals and an agonist of estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα). Cholesterol is widely found in the cell membranes of animals and is also used in the synthesis of several important hormones and bile acids.

Genipin ((+)-Genipin), an active aglycone derived from an iridoid glycoside called geniposide, is found in the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.

1-Deoxynojirimycin (Moranoline) is a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor, suppressing postprandial blood glucose, thereby possibly preventing diabetes mellitus.

Vardenafil hydrochloride trihydrate (BAY38-9456) is a new type PDE inhibitor with IC50 of 0.7 and 180 nM for PDE5 and PDE1, respectively.

β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a natural nucleotide and a key intermediate in the synthesis of coenzyme I (NAD+). β-nicotinamide mononucleotide is involved in a number of biochemical reactions in the human body, which are related to immunity and metabolism.

D-Tagatose (D-(-)-Tagatose), a rare natural hexoketose and isomer of D-galactose, occurs naturally in Sterculia setigera gum and is found in small quantities in various foods such as sterilized and powdered cow's milk, hot cocoa, and various cheeses, yogurts, and other dairy products. It can be synthesized from D-galactose by isomerization under alkaline conditions in the presence of calcium. D-Tagatose has numerous health benefits, including promotion of weight loss, no glycemic effect, anti-plaque, non-cariogenic, anti-halitosis, prebiotic, and anti-biofilm properties; it is beneficial for organ transplants, enhancement of flavor, improvement of pregnancy and fetal development, treatment of obesity, and reduction in symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, anemia, and hemophilia. (PMID: 17492284).

3-Hydroxybutyric acid (Butanoic acid) (or beta-hydroxybutyrate) is a ketone body. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone), levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate in blood and urine are raised in ketosis. In humans, 3-hydroxybutyrate is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low. Blood levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid levels may be monitored in diabetic patients to look for diabetic ketoacidosis. Persistent mild hyperketonemia is a common finding in newborns. Ketone bodies serve as an indispensable source of energy for extrahepatic tissues, especially the brain and lung of developing mammals. Another important function of ketone bodies is to provide acetoacetyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA for the synthesis of cholesterol, fatty acids, and complex lipids. During the early postnatal period, acetoacetate (AcAc) and beta-hydroxybutyrate are preferred over glucose as substrates for synthesis of phospholipids and sphingolipids in accord with requirements for brain growth and myelination. Thus, during the first 2 weeks of postnatal development, when the accumulation of cholesterol and phospholipids accelerates, the proportion of ketone bodies incorporated into these lipids increases. On the other hand, an increased proportion of ketone bodies is utilized for cerebroside synthesis during the period of active myelination. In the lung, AcAc serves better than glucose as a precursor for the synthesis of lung phospholipids. The synthesized lipids, particularly dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, are incorporated into surfactant, and thus have a potential role in supplying adequate surfactant lipids to maintain lung function during the early days of life (PMID: 3884391 ). 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is found to be associated with fumarase deficiency and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism.

Abscisic Acid (Dormin) is a plant hormone, which is involved in many plant developmental processes, modulates ion homeostasis and metabolism, and inhibits germination and seedling growth.

Rosiglitazone hydrochloride (BRL-49653 HCl) is a blood glucose-lowering drugs, stimulating insulin secretion by binding to the PPAR receptors in fat cells.

Alloxan Monohydrate is a glucose analog used to induce diabetes by destroying beta-cells.

Vardenafil hydrochloride is a New Phosphodiesterase Type 5(PDE5) Inhibitor, in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in Men With Diabetes

APD668 is a potent GPR119 agonist with EC50 of 2.7 nM and 33 nM for hGPR119 and ratGPR119, respectively.

Vardenafil dihydrochloride (Levitra) is a new type PDE inhibitor with IC50 of 0.7 and 180 nM for PDE5 and PDE1, respectively.

Tormentic acid is a natural product. It has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic , anti-allodynic, and hepatoprotective properties,

Pioglitazone (U 72107) is an insulin sensitizing agent and thiazolidinedione indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and has been linked to rare instances of acute liver injury.

CL316243 is a highly potent selective agonist of β3-adrenoceptor, with a EC50 of 3 nM. CL316243 is an effective stimulant of adipocyte lipolysis and increases brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and metabolic rate. CL316243 has the potential for the treatment obesity, diabetes and urge urinary incontinence.